INVESTIGATING OVERTOURISM IMPACTS, PERCEIVED MAN-MADE RISK AND TOURIST REVISIT INTENTION
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21837/pm.v20i22.1142Keywords:
Overtourism Impacts, Man-made Risk, Revisit Intention, Sustainability, World Heritage SiteAbstract
This research explores the interrelationships between overtourism impacts, perceived man-made risk and revisit intention among tourists visiting Melaka UNESCO World Heritage Site (WHS). The aim of the study is to illustrate the overutilization of destination resources and subsequent human risk that shape tourist behavioural from the outlooks of sustainable and tourism impacts. Five hundred and ninety-three responses were quantitatively collected through an online data collection. Partial least square structural equation modelling (PLSSEM) is employed to investigate the research hypotheses. It can be reported overtourism impacts have positive and significant influence on the perceived man-made risks. However, this is not the case for the relationship between overtourism impacts on revisit intention, and the perceived man-made risk on the latter construct. This renders the potential mediation role of perceived man-made risk as insignificant. The findings heighten the unique dynamics of overtourism within developing WHS planning in shaping tourist revisit intention.
Downloads
References
Adie, B. A., Falk, M. & Savioli, M, (2019). Overtourism as a perceived threat to cultural heritage in Europe, Current Issues in Tourism, 1–5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2019.1687661
Ali, F., Rasoolimanesh, S. M., Sarstedt, M., Ringle, C. M., & Ryu, K. (2018). An assessment of the use of partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLSSEM) in hospitality research. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 20(1), 514-538 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-10-2016-0568
An, M., Lee, C., & Noh, Y. (2010). Risk factors at the destination: Their impact on air travel satisfaction and repurchase intention. Service Business, 4(2), 155–166. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11628-010-0094-2
Anh, L. T. K. (2019). The Relationship between Risk Perception and Revisit Intention in Tourism. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR). 9(4), 2319-7064.
Atzori, R. (2020). Destination stakeholders’ perceptions of overtourism impacts, causes, and responses: The case of Big Sur, California. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 17, 100440. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2020.100440
Avcikurt, C., Dinu, M., Hacioğlu, N., Efe, R., & Soykan, A. (2015). Tourism, environment and sustainability. Bulgaria: ST. Kliment Ohridski University Press.
Awang, K. W., & Toh, J. Y. (2018). A review on Malaysian women's leisure and perceptions towards solo travelling. International Journal of Engineering and Technology (UAE), 7(3.25), 139-142.
Azinuddin, M., Mior Shariffuddin, N. S. & Wan Mohd Zain, W. M. A. (2020). Profiling entrepreneurs inclinations on networking: A case of Small and Medium-Sized Tourism Enterprises (SMTEs) in Terengganu, Malaysia. International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change, 13(5), 417-432.
Azinuddin, M., Mior Shariffuddin, N. S., Hanafiah, M. H., Mat Som, A. P., & Wan Mohd Zain, W. M. A. (2022). A systematic literature review on tourism networks, knowledge transfer, absorptive capacity, and performance. Asia-Pacific Journal of Innovation in Hospitality and Tourism, 11(1), 179–218.
Bhuiyan, M. A., Zaman, K., Shoukry, A. M., Gani, S., Sharkawy, M. A., Sasmoko, ... & Hishan, S. S. (2018). Energy, tourism, finance, and resource depletion: panel data analysis. Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy, 13(11-12), 463-474. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15567249.2019.1572837
Becker, J. M., Klein, K., & Wetzels, M. (2012). Hierarchical latent variable models in PLS-SEM: guidelines for using reflective-formative type models. Long Range Planning, 45(5-6), 359-394. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lrp.2012.10.001
Bellini, N., Go, F. M., & Pasquinelli, C. (2017). Urban tourism and city development: notes for an integrated policy agenda. In Tourism in the City (pp. 333-339). Springer, Cham. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26877-4_24
Berdychevsky, L., & Gibson, H. J. (2015). Phenomenology of young women’s sexual risk-taking in tourism. Tourism Management, 46, 299–310. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2014.07.008
Berselli, C., Pereira, L. A., Pereira, T., & Limberger, P. F. (2022). Overtourism: Residents’ perceived impacts of tourism saturation. Tourism Analysis, 27(2), 161-172. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3727/108354221X16187814403074
Cetinsoz, B., & Ege, Z. (2013). Impacts of perceived risks on tourists’ revisit intentions. Anatolia, 24(2), 173–187. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13032917.2012.743921
Cheer, J. M., Milano, C., & Novelli, M. (2019). Tourism and community resilience in the Anthropocene: accentuating temporal overtourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 27(4), 554-572. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2019.1578363
Cheng, Y. S., Kuo, N. T., Chang, K. C., & Chen, C. H. (2019). How a tour guide interpretation service creates intention to revisit for tourists from mainland China: the mediating effect of perceived value. Journal of China Tourism Research, 15(1), 84-104. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19388160.2018.1517067
Cole, S. T., & Scott, D. (2004). Examining the mediating role of experience quality in a model of tourist experiences. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 16(1), 79–90. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1300/J073v16n01_08
Dodds, R., & Butler, R. (2019). The phenomena of overtourism: A review. International Journal of Tourism Cities,5(4), 519-528. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJTC-06-2019-0090
George, R., & Swart, K. (2012). International tourists' perceptions of crime–risk and their future travel intentions during the 2010 FIFA World Cup™ in South Africa. Journal of Sport & Tourism, 17(3), 201-223. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14775085.2012.734060
Goodwin, H. (2017). The challenge of overtourism. Responsible tourism partnership, 4, 1-19.
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2018). Multivariate Data Analysis (8th ed.). United Kingdom: Cengage Learning.
Hair, J. F., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2011). PLS-SEM: Indeed a silver bullet. Journal of Marketing theory and Practice, 19(2), 139-152. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2753/MTP1069-6679190202
Hair, J.F., Risher, J.J., Sarstedt, M. and Ringle, C.M. (2019). When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. European Business Review, 31(1), 2-24. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-11-2018-0203
Hanafiah, M. H. (2020). Formative vs. reflective measurement model: Guidelines for structural equation modeling research. International Journal of Analysis and Applications, 18(5), 876-889.
Hanafiah, M. H., Md Zain, N. A., Azinuddin, M. & Mior Shariffuddin, N. S. (2021). I’m afraid to travel! Investigating the effect of perceived health risk on Malaysian travellers’ post-pandemic perception and future travel intention. Journal of Tourism Futures, ahead-of-print(ahead-of-print). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JTF-10-2021-0235
Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sinkovics, R. R. (2009). The use of partial least squares path modeling in international marketing. In New challenges to International Marketing. Emerald Group Publishing Limited. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/S1474-7979(2009)0000020014
Henseler, J., Ringle, C.M. and Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modelling. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43(1), 115-135. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8
Huan, T. C. (2007). Taiwan’s 921 earthquake, crisis management and research on noescape natural disaster. In Crisis Management in Tourism, CAB International: Wallingford, UK, 170–185. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1079/9781845930479.0170
Hyun, S. S., & Kim, M. G. (2015). Negative effects of perceived crowding on travelers’ identification with cruise brand. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 32(3), 241-259. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2014.892469
Jover, J., & Díaz-Parra, I. (2020). Who is the city for? Overtourism, lifestyle migration and social sustainability. Tourism Geographies, 1-24. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2020.1713878
Khasawneh, M. S., & Alfandi, A. M. (2019). Determining behaviour intentions from the overall destination image and risk perception. Tourism and Hospitality Management, 25(2), 355–375. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20867/thm.25.2.6
Koens, K., Postma, A., & Papp, B. (2018). Is overtourism overused? Understanding the impact of tourism in a city context. Sustainability, 10(12), 1-15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su10124384
Kozak, M., Crotts, J.C. & Law, R. (2007). The impact of the perception of risk on international travelers. The International Journal of Tourism Research, 9(4), 233–242. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.607
Kuščer, K., & Mihalič, T. (2019). Residents’ attitudes towards overtourism from the perspective of tourism impacts and cooperation—The case of Ljubljana. Sustainability, 11(6), 1823. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su11061823
Liang, X., & Xue, J. (2021). Mediating effect of destination image on the relationship between risk perception of smog and revisit intention: a case of Chengdu, Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 26(9), 1024-1037. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2021.1941156
Loureiro, S. M. C., & Jesus, S. (2019). How perceived risk and animosity towards a destination may influence destination image and intention to revisit: The case of Rio de Janeiro. Anatolia, 30(4), 497-512. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13032917.2019.1632910
Luque-Gil, A. M., Gómez-Moreno, M. L., & Peláez-Fernández, M. A. (2018). Starting to enjoy nature in Mediterranean mountains: Crowding perception and satisfaction. Tourism Management Perspectives, 25, 93-103. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2017.11.006
Mansfeld, Y., & Pizam, A. (2006). Tourism, security and safety. Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780080458335
Mat Som, A. P., Marzuki, A., Yousefi, M., & AbuKhalifeh, A. N. (2012). Factors influencing visitors’ revisit behavioral intentions: A case study of Sabah, Malaysia. International Journal of Marketing Studies, 4(4), 39–50. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/ijms.v4n4p39
Mihalic, T. (2020). Conceptualising overtourism: A sustainability approach. Annals of Tourism Research, 84, 103025. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2020.103025
Milano, C., Cheer, J. M., & Novelli, M. (2018). Overtourism: A growing global problem. The Conversation, 18, 1-5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1079/9781786399823.0001
Mior Shariffuddin, N. S., Azinuddin, M., Hanafiah, M. H., & Wan Mohd Zain, W. M. A. (2022). A comprehensive review on tourism destination competitiveness (TDC) literature. Competitiveness Review, Vol. Ahead-of-Print, No. Ahead-of-print. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/CR-04-2021-0054
Mior Shariffuddin, N. S., Wan Mohd Zain, W. M. A., & Azinuddin, M. (2020). Collaborative chal- lenges among stakeholders on destination competitiveness. International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change, 13(1), 456–466.
Noraffendi, B. Q. B. M., & Rahman, N. H. A. (2020). Tourist expectation and satisfaction towards pedestrian walkway in Georgetown, a World Heritage Site. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 447(1), 012072. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/447/1/012072
Oklevik, O., Gössling, S., Hall, C. M., Steen Jacobsen, J. K., Grøtte, I. P., & McCabe, S. (2019). Overtourism, optimisation, and destination performance indicators: A case study of activities in Fjord Norway. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 27(12), 1804–1824. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2018.1533020
Park, D., Lee, G., Kim, W. G., & Kim, T. T. (2019). Social network analysis as a valuable tool for understanding tourists’ multi-attraction travel behavioral intention to revisit and recommend. Sustainability, 11(9), 2497. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su11092497
Peeters, P., Gössling, S., Klijs, J., Milano, C., Novelli, M., Dijkmans, C., ... & Postma, A. (2021). Research for TRAN Committee-Overtourism: impact and possible policy responses. European Parliament, Policy Department for Structural and Cohesion Policies, Brussels.
Petr, C. (2009). Fame is not always a positive asset for heritage equity! Some clues from buying intentions of national tourists. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 26(1), 1-18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10548400802656694
Pinke-Sziva, I., Smith, M., Olt, G., & Berezvai, Z. (2019). Overtourism and the nighttime economy: A case study of Budapest. International Journal of Tourism Cities, 5(1), 1-16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJTC-04-2018-0028
Räikkönen, J., Rouhiainen, H., Grénman, M., & Sääksjärvi, I. E. (2019). Advancing environmental sustainability through nature-based science tourism: The potential of universities. Matkailututkimus, 15(1), 67-87. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33351/mt.79852
Rasoolimanesh, S. M., Taheri, B., Gannon, M., Vafaei-Zadeh, A., & Hanifah, H. (2019). Does living in the vicinity of heritage tourism sites influence residents’ perceptions and attitudes? Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 1-23. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2019.1618863
Ritchie, B. W., Chien, P. M., & Sharifpour, M. (2017). Segmentation by travel related risks: An integrated approach. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 34(2), 274-289. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2016.1156616
Ruan, W. Q., Li, Y. Q., & Liu, C. H. S. (2017). Measuring tourism risk impacts on destination image. Sustainability, 9(9), 1501. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su9091501
Santa-Cruz, F. G., & Lopez-Guzman, T. (2017). Culture, tourism and world heritage sites. Tourism Management Perspectives, 24, 111–116. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2017.08.004
Sanz-Blas, S., Buzova, D., & Schlesinger, W. (2019). The sustainability of cruise tourism onshore: The impact of crowding on visitors’ satisfaction. Sustainability, 11(6), 1510. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su11061510
Sarstedt, M., Hair, J.F. Jr, Cheah, J.H., Becker, J.M. and Ringle, C.M. (2019). How to specify, estimate, and validate higher-order constructs in PLS-SEM. Australasian Marketing Journal (AMJ), 27(3), 197-211. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ausmj.2019.05.003
See, G. T., & Goh, Y. N. (2019). Tourists' intention to visit heritage hotels at George Town World Heritage Site. Journal of Heritage Tourism, 14(1), 33-48. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1743873X.2018.1458853
Seetanah, B., Teeroovengadum, V., & Nunkoo, R. (2020). Destination satisfaction and revisit intention of tourists: does the quality of airport services matter? Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 44(1), 134-148. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1096348018798446
Séraphin, H., Sheeran, P., & Pilato, M. (2018). Overtourism and the fall of Venice as a destination. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 9, 374–376. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2018.01.011
Singh, T. (2018). Is over-tourism the downside of mass tourism? Tourism Recreation Research, 43(4), 415–416. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2018.1513890
Singh, I., & Gupta, D. D. (2021). Emerging dimensions of women leisure traveler: a review of motivation and psychographic factors. Academy of Marketing Studies Journal, 25(1), 1-12.
Sönmez, S.F.; Graefe, A.R. (1998a). Influence of terrorism risk on foreign tourism decisions. Annals of tourism research, 25(1) 112–144. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(97)00072-8
Sönmez, S. F., & Graefe, A. R. (1998b). Determining future travel behavior from past travel experience and perceptions of risk and safety. Journal of Travel Research, 37(2), 171–177. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/004728759803700209
Stylos, N., Bellou, V., Andronikidis, A., & Vassiliadis, C. A. (2017). Linking the dots among destination images, place attachment, and revisit intentions: A study among British and Russian tourists. Tourism Management, 60, 15–29. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2016.11.006
Tasci, A. D., & Sönmez, S. (2019). Lenient gun laws, perceived risk of gun violence, and attitude towards a destination. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 13, 24-38. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2019.03.007
Tsai, C. H., Wu, T. C., Wall, G., & Linliu, S. C. (2016). Perceptions of tourism impacts and community resilience to natural disasters. Tourism Geographies, 18(2), 152-173. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2016.1149875
United Nations World Tourism Organization (2018). ‘Overtourism’? Understanding and managing urban tourism growth beyond perceptions. Madrid: UNWTO. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18111/9789284419999
Veríssimo, M., Moraes, M., Breda, Z., Guizi, A., & Costa, C. (2020). Overtourism and tourismphobia: A systematic literature review. Tourism: An International Interdisciplinary Journal, 68(2), 156-169. DOI: https://doi.org/10.37741/t.68.2.4
Viet, B. N., Dang, H. P., & Nguyen, H. H. (2020). Revisit intention and satisfaction: The role of destination image, perceived risk, and cultural contact. Cogent Business & Management, 7(1), 1796249. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2020.1796249
Wall, G. (2019). Perspectives on the environment and overtourism. In Overtourism (pp. 25-45). De Gruyter Oldenbourg. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110607369-003
Wang, C., Lu, L., & Xia, Q. (2012). Impact of tourists’ perceived value on behavioral intention for mega events: Analysis of inbound and domestic tourists at Shanghai World Expo. Chinese Geographical Science, 22(6), 742–754. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11769-012-0575-4
World Travel and Tourism Council (2019). Cities economic impact report. Retrieved from https://wttc.org/Research/Economic-Impact/Cities
Wu, H. C., Li, M. Y., & Li, T. (2018). A study of experiential quality, experiential value, experiential satisfaction, theme park image, and revisit intention. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 42(1), 26-73. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1096348014563396
Yin, J., Bi, Y., Zheng, X., & Tsaur, R. (2019a). Safety Forecasting and Early Warning of Highly Aggregated Tourist Crowds in China. in IEEE Access, 7, 119026-119040. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2936245
Yin, J., Zheng, X-m., Tsaur, R-C. (2019b). Occurrence mechanism and coping paths of accidents of highly aggregated tourist crowds based on system dynamics. PLoS ONE, 14(9): e0222389. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0222389
Yin, J., Cheng, Y., Bi, Y., & Ni, Y. (2020). Tourists perceived crowding and destination attractiveness: The moderating effects of perceived risk and experience quality. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 18, 100489. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2020.100489
Yoon, Y., & Uysal, M. (2005). An examination of the effects of motivation and satisfaction on destination loyalty: A structural model. Tourism Management, 26(1), 45–56. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2003.08.016
Zhang, H., Wu, Y., & Buhalis, D. (2018). A model of perceived image, memorable tourism experiences and revisit intention. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 8, 326-336. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2017.06.004
Zhang, Y., & Hitchcock, M. J. (2017). The Chinese female tourist gaze: A netnography of young women's blogs on Macao. Current Issues in Tourism, 20(3), 315-330. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2014.904845
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Muaz Azinuddin, Ahmad Puad Mat Som, Siti ‘Aisyah Mohd Saufi, Nurul Ain Atiqah Zarhari, Wan Abd Aziz Wan Mohd Amin, Nur Shahirah Mior Shariffuddin
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 Unported License.
Copyright & Creative Commons Licence
eISSN: 0128-0945 © Year. The Authors. Published for Malaysia Institute of Planners. This is an open-access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license.
The authors hold the copyright without restrictions and also retain publishing rights without restrictions.