URBAN AIR ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH INDICATORS: A PRELIMINARY SET FOR CITY OF KUALA LUMPUR
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21837/pm.v9i2.86Keywords:
environmental health, air quality, air pollutionAbstract
Environmental health as an aspect of concern on healthy environment, involves relationship between environment and human health. It comprises the aspects of human health and diseases that are determined by factors in the environment, as well as the characteristics of environmental conditions which affect the quality of health. Generally, urban ambient air is more polluted than overall atmosphere. It is due to higher concentration of human activities and more rapid urban development in urban areas. Urban areas produced air pollutants with higher rate as compared to less developed areas and natural environment. Furthermore, the atmosphere has always been one of the most convenient places to dispose of unwanted materials, which includes burning activities. It changes the natural combination of gases in the air and causes higher rateof urban air pollution. Besides, the air pollutants are likely to circulate and remain in the urban environment due to the "dust dome" phenomenon. Air pollutants are potentially affecting human health. Epidemiologic and laboratory studies demonstrate that ambient air pollutants contribute to various negative health problems, especially on the respiratory and cardiovascular systems, skin, and eyes. Research was carried out in developing a set of environmental health indicators for urban air. The determination of environmental health for urban air involves the identification of air-related health conditions and air quality. The preliminary indicators were formulated to examine the air environmental health conditions and issues in city of Kuala Lumpur. Environmental health indicators are providing useful information for decision-makers, and helping in generating discussion among people of different backgrounds.
Downloads
References
Akitek Jururancang Malaysia Sdn. Bhd (AJM). 2006. Kuala Lumpur Local Plan -Findings Report. Unpublished report. City Hall of Kuala Lumpur.
Andrew Kiyu. 1998. Developing indicators for Healthy City Kuching. Working paper, Second National Conference on Healthy Cities. Kuala Lumpur, 14-15 July. Briggs, D. 1999. Environmental Health Indicators: Framework and Methodologies.
Geneva: WHO, Sustainable Development and Healthy Environments.
Botkin, D. B. & Keller, E. A. 2003. Environmental science - earth as a living planet.U.S.: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National of Environmental Hazards and Health Effects, Alanta, Georgia. 2006. Environmental Public Health Indicators, (on line) http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/indicators/EPHI.pdf (21 June 2007).
Christiani, D.C. & Woo din, M.A. 2002. Urban and transboundary air pollution. In Life support - the environment and human health, Michael McCally, ed. London: The MIT Press. 15-37.
DOE KL. 2006. Laporan Tahunan 2006. Kuala Lumpur.
DOE. 2007a. Malaysia environmental quality report 2006. Malaysia.
DOE. 2007b. Environmental quality data from DOE’s air quality monitoring station.
Department of Statistics, Malaysia (DOS), 2001. Compendium of environmental statistics Malaysia 2001. Putrajaya.
Department of Statistics, Malaysia (DOS), 2006. Compendium of environmental statistics Malaysia 2006. Putrajaya.
Dong, T., Duong, T., Lee, B.K., Huh, Y.S. & Cho, S.W., 2007. An analysis on the effects of Asian Dust event on human health in large cities of Korea based on the number of patients. IEEE conference proceeding - International Forum on Strategic Technology (IFOST 2007), pp. 169-172.
EPU (The Economic Planning Unit). 2006. Ninth Malaysia Plan 2006-2010. Putrajaya: Prime Minister’s Department, (on line) www.epu.jpm.my/rm9/ (1 April 2006)
Forastiere, F., Peters, A., Kelly, F.J. & Holgate S.T. 2006. Nitrogen dioxide. In Air quality guidelines - global update 2005: particular matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulphur dioxide, WHO-Europe, 331-394.
Gosselin, P. Furgal, C. & Ruiz, A. 2001. Environmental public health indicators for the U.S. - Mexico border region - concept document, (on line) http://www.fep.paho. org/ (21 August 2008).
Gouveia, N.C. & Maisonet, M.. 2006. Health effects of air pollution: an overview. In Air quality guidelines-global update 2005: particular matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide & sulphur dioxide, WHO-Europe, 87-110.
Gupta, A. & Asher, M.G. 1998. Environment and the developing world: principles, policies and management. England: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Humbling, T. and Slaney, D. 2007. Environmental Health Indicators for New Zealand: annual report 2007. (on line) http://www.surv.esr.cri.nz/ (24 February 2008).
Flarrison, R. M.. 2006. Sources of air pollution. In Air quality guidelines - global update 2005: particular matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulphur dioxide, WHO-Europe, 9-30.
Iktisas Planners Sdn. Bhd. 2006. Kuala Lumpur Local Plan 2005-2020 Strategic
Planning Zone Wangsa Maju & Sentul-Menjalara - Technical Report. Unpublished report. City Hall of Kuala Lumpur.
Institute for Public Health (IPH). 2008. The third national health and morbidity survey
(NHMS III) 2006. Vol. 1. Ministry of Health Malaysia: Kuala Lumpur.
Janssen, N. & Mehta, S. 2006. Human exposure to air pollution. In Air quality guidelines - global update 2005: particular matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulphur dioxide, WHO-Europe, 61-86.
JPBD, Federal Department of Town & Country Planning. 2006. National Urbanisation Policy (DPN). Kuala Lumpur.
Kamalruddin Shamsuddin. 2005. Malaysian Urban Indicators Network (MURNInet). Convention Proceedings - World Town Planning Day 2005, pp. 48-69.
Keough, N. 2005. The Sustainable Calgary stoiy: a local response to a global challenge. In Community indicators measuring systems, Phillips, R., ed. England: Ashgate Publishing Ltd. 65-95.
Kinney, P.L. 8c O’Neill, M.S. 2006. Environmental equity. In Air quality guidelines -global update 2005: particular matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulphur dioxide, WHO-Europe, 135-152.
Koren, H. 1980. Handbook of environmental health safety - principles and practices. U.S.: Pergamon Press.
Ling, O.H.L., Ting, K.H., Shaharuddin A., Kadaruddin A. & Yaakob M.J. 2010, Urban growth and air quality in Kuala Lumpur city, Malaysia. EnvironmentAsia, 3 (2), 123-128.
Ministry of Health Malaysia (MOH). 2004. Environmental health, (on line) http:// www.dph. gov.my/kpas/eh/pdf/Keputusan%20Kump%2 0Pakar.pdf (27 March 2008).
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, US (NIEHS). 2007. Air pollution 8c cardiovascular disease, (on line) http://www.niehs.nih.gov (23 July 2008).
Norela S., Sadah M.S., Mohd Talib L. 2008. Effects of haze on human health in Malaysia: case study in 2005. In Scientific report on the haze event in Peninsular Malaysia in August 2005. Part II: physical and social aspects, Mahmud, M. & Abdullah, M., eds. Malaysia: Department of Environment.
Peralta, G.L. 2003. Draft guide to essential environmental health functions. Manila: WHO, Western Pacific Regional Office, (on line) http://www.dph.gov.my (27 March 2008).
Peterson, P.J, Sham Sani 8c M. Nordin. 1999. Indicators of Sustainable Development in Industrialising Countries. Volume III: Key Indicators for Tropical Cities. LESTARI Monographs on Environment and Development. Bangi: LESTARI, UKM.
Purdom, P.W. 1980. Air resources management. In Environmental Health. Second edition, Purdom, P.W., ed. US.: Academic Press. 223-313.
Rafia A., Mohd Nasir H., Noor Akma I. 2003. Review of air pollution and health impacts in Malaysia. Environmental Research, 92, 71-77.
Romieu, I. 1999. Epidemiological studies of health effects arising from motor vehicle air pollution. In Urban traffic pollution, Schwella, D. & Zali, O., eds. London & New York: E & FN Spon. 9-70.
Rowland, A.J. & Cooper, P. 1983. Environment and health. Great Britain: Edward Arnold.
Rozlan Ishak, Shafie Ooyub, Zainal Ariffin 8c Daud Abdul Rahim. 1999. The study on asthma admissions in Malaysia in 1999. (on line) http://www.dph.gov.my/ (27 March 2008).
Saldiva, P.H.N.S., Kiinzli, N. & Lippmann, M. 2006. Ozone. In Air quality guidelines ~~ global update 2005: particular matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulphur dioxide, WHO-Europe, 307-330.
Samet, J.M., Brauer, M. & Schlesigner, R. 2006. Particulate matter. In Air quality guidelines - global update 2005: particular matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulphur dioxide, WHO-Europe, 217-305.
Seasons, M. 2005. Indicators and core area planning: applications in Canada’s midsized cities. In Phillips, R. (ed.). Community indicators measuring systems, pp. 96-114. England: Ashgate Publishing Ltd.
Selangor State Government. 2001. Strategi pembangunan mampan & agenda 21 Selangor: Agenda 21 Selangor. Bangi: LESTARI, UKM.
Sham Sani. 1989. Pembandaran dan iklitn — implikasinya terhadap perancangan bandardirantau tropika rendah. Bangi: PenerbitUniversiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
Shamarina Shohami. 1998. Identification of risk factors in childhood asthma: a case study at Ipoh General Hospital. Unpublished Project Report, Masters of Environment, Serdang: Universiti Putra Malaysia.
Sivertsen, B. 2006. Global ambient air pollution concentration and trends. In Air quality guidelines - global update 2005: particular matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulphur dioxide, WHO-Europe, 31-60.
Tan, H.C., Pereira, J.J., Shaharuddin I. & Abdul Samad H. 2006. Tracking sustainability Bandar Lestari - Environmental Award. Bangi: LESTARI, UKM.
US EPA. 2003. Draft Report on Environment 2003. (online) http://www.epa.gov (5 July 2007).
US EPA. 2007. Children 's environmental health: 2007 Highlights, (on line) http:// yosemite.epa.gov/ochp/ochpweb.nsf/ (27 March 2008).
Utell, M.J. Metha, S. & Frampton, M.W. 2006. Determinants of susceptibility. In Air quality guidelines - global update 2005: particular matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulphur dioxide, WHO-Europe, 111-134.
WHO-NHD. 2000. Nutrition for health and development: a global agenda for combating malnutrition - progress report. WHO/NHD/00.6 Dist. General.
WHO-Europe. 2002. Environmental Health Indicators for the WHO European Region - update of methodology. EUR/02/5039762.
WHO. 2005a. Particulate matter air pollution: how it harms health. Fact sheet EURO/04/05,Berlin,Rome, 14Apr. 05.(online) http://www.euro. who.int/(27March 2008).
WHO. 2005b. Singapore - environmental health country profile as of April 28, 2005. (on line) http;//www.wpro.who.int/NR/rdonlyre$/ (24 February 2008).
WHO. 2007. Preventing disease through healthy environments: Towards an estimate of the environmental burden of disease, (on line) http://www.who.int (26 July 2007) .
Yehuda Benguigui. no date. Control of acute respiratory infections. In. Maternal and child health activities at the local level, (on line) http://www.paho.org (21 October 2008) .
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright & Creative Commons Licence
eISSN: 0128-0945 © Year. The Authors. Published for Malaysia Institute of Planners. This is an open-access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license.
The authors hold the copyright without restrictions and also retain publishing rights without restrictions.
