WATER FOOTPRINT OF CROP PRODUCTION IN TEHRAN PROVINCE
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21837/pm.v17i10.634Keywords:
blue water footprint, CROPWAT model, green water footprint, water consumption, water managementAbstract
Evaluation of supply chain of water consumption contributes toward reducing water scarcity, as it allows for increased water productivity in the agricultural sector. Water Footprint (WF) is a powerful tool for water management; it accounts for the volume of water consumption at high spatial and temporal resolution. The objective of this research is to investigate the water footprint trend of crop production in Tehran from 2008 to 2015 and to assess blue water scarcity in the agricultural sector. Water consumption of crop production was evaluated based on the WF method. Evapotranspiration was evaluated by applying the CROPWAT model. Blue water scarcity was evaluated using the blue water footprint-to-blue water availability formula. The results demonstrate that pistachio, cotton, walnut, almond, and wheat have a large WF, amounting to 11.111 m3/kg, 4,703 m3/kg, 3,932 m3/kg, 3,217 m3/kg, and 1.817 m3/kg, respectively. Agricultural blue water scarcity amounted to 0.6 (severe water stress class) (2015–2016). Agricultural water consumption in Tehran is unsustainable since it contributes to severe blue water scarcity. Tehran should reduce agricultural water scarcity by reducing the water footprint of the agricultural sector.Downloads
References
Ababaei, B., & Etedali, H. R. (2014). Estimation of water footprint components of Iran’s wheat production: Comparison of global and national scale estimates. Environmental Processes, 1(3), 193-205.
Allen, R. G., Pereira, L. S., Raes, D., & Smith, M. (1998). Crop evapotranspiration - Guidelines for computing crop water requirements - FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 56. Rome: FAO.
Boer, T. D. (2014). Water footprint assessment of crop production in Shaanxi, China (Thesis). University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands.
Hoekstra, A. Y., Chapagain, A. K., Aldaya, M. M., & Mekonne, M. M. (2011). The water footprint assessment manual. London: Earthscan.
Hoekstra, A. Y., & Hung, P. Q. (2002). A quantification of virtual water flows between nations in relation to international crop trade. Value of Water Research Report Series No. 11. UNESCO-IHE.
Madani, K. (2014). Water management in Iran: What is causing the looming crisis? Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences, 4(4), 315-328.
Mekonnen, M., & Hoekstra, A. (2010). The green, blue and grey water footprint of crops and derived crop products. Value of Water Research Report Series No. 47 (Vol. 2 – Appendices), UNESCO-IHE.
Organización de las Naciones Unidas. (2005). Coping with water scarcity: Challenge of the twenty-first century. Un Water, 24(1), 28–29.
Rijsberman, F. R. (2004). Water scarcity: Fact or fiction? Proceedings of the 4th International Crop Science Congress, 80, 5-22.
Rockstrom, J., & Falkenmark, M. (2006). The new blue and green water paradigm: Breaking new ground for water resources planning and management. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, 132(3), 129-132.
Tillotson, M. R., Liu, J., Guan, D., & Pahlow, M. (2014). Water footprint symposium: Where next for water footprint and water assessment methodology?, The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 19(8), 1561–1565.
Zehtabian, G., Khosravi, H., & Ghodsi, M. (2009). High demand in a land of water scarcity: Iran. In G. Schneier-Madanes & M. Courel (2009). Water and
sustainability in arid regions: Bridging the gap between physical and social
sciences (pp. 75-86). Berlin: Springer Science & Business Media.
Xinchun, C., Mengyang, W., Xiangping, G., Yalian, Z., Yan, G., Nan, W., & Weiguang, W. (2017). Assessing water scarcity in agricultural production system based on the generalized water resources and water footprint framework. Science of the Total Environment, 609, 587-597
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright & Creative Commons Licence
eISSN: 0128-0945 © Year. The Authors. Published for Malaysia Institute of Planners. This is an open-access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license.
The authors hold the copyright without restrictions and also retain publishing rights without restrictions.
