SOCIAL NORM AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERN AS THE PREDICTORS OF CITIZENS’ ACTUAL BEHAVIOUR TO ADOPT PUBLIC TRANSPORT IN TERENGGANU, MALAYSIA

Authors

  • Farah Roslan Faculty of General Studies and Advanced Education, UNIVERSITI SULTAN ZAINAL ABIDIN, MALAYSIA
  • Mohd Khairul Amri Kamarudin Faculty of Applied Social Sciences, UNIVERSITI SULTAN ZAINAL ABIDIN, MALAYSIA
  • Nur Izzati Ab Ghani Faculty of General Studies and Advanced Education, UNIVERSITI SULTAN ZAINAL ABIDIN, MALAYSIA
  • Nurshuhada Mohamed Faculty of General Studies and Advanced Education, UNIVERSITI SULTAN ZAINAL ABIDIN, MALAYSIA

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.21837/pm.v22i30.1425

Keywords:

Environmental concern, Public transport, Social norm, Environment, Sustainability

Abstract

The increasing penetration of private motor vehicles for commuting demonstrates an astonishing vehicle reliance in Malaysia. The use of public transport could provide a promising alternative by enabling accessibility, reducing congestion and fatalities, and mitigating environmental problems especially in densely populated areas. However, the utilisation of public transport does not depend only on the intention but the actual use as well. Understanding individuals' readiness to adopt public transport are critical for improving sustainable mobility. Based on the theory of Interpersonal Behaviour (TIB), this study aims to assess the individuals' behavioural readiness to use for public transportation to improve sustainable mobility instead of using single-occupancy vehicles in Terengganu, Malaysia. This quantitative survey is distributed on 200 citizens at four densely-populated locations in cities of Terengganu, namely Kuala Terengganu, Chukai, Dungun and Jerteh. Data analysis is analysed using structural equation modelling of partial least squares (PLS-SEM).  The empirical results indicate that social norm and environmental concern are the main predictor that affecting the behavioural readiness on adopting public transport among the respondents. However, perceived value and affective construct do not have significant impact on citizens’ readiness to use public transport. Policy implications like enhancing service quality, promoting environmental benefits and implementing visible safety measures are addressed. As cities continue to invest in and prioritize public transport, they contribute to a more sustainable and resilient transportation landscape.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Abd Rahman, N. A., & Abdullah, Y. A. (2016). Theorizing the concept of urban public transportation institutional framework in Malaysia. MATEC Web of Conferences, 66, 00043. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/20166600043

Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T

Azinuddin, M., Shariffuddin, N. S. M., Som, A. P. M., Salim, M. A. M., & Eppang, B. M. (2023). Interrelationship of networks, knowledge, and performance of businesses through the lens of coastal destination development. Planning Malaysia, 21(4), 376-389. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21837/pm.v21i28.1340

Azinuddin, M., Zain, W. M. A. W. M., & Shariffuddin, N. S. M. (2022). Tourism Sustainability: Perspectives on Past Works, Issues and Future Research Opportunities. In Environmental Management and Sustainable Development: Case Studies and Solutions from Malaysia (pp. 39-51). Cham: Springer International Publishing. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-93932-8_4

Beckmann, M. J. (2013). Traffic congestion and what to do about it. Transportmetrica B. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/21680566.2013.780988

Bourke, M., Craike, M., & Hilland, T. A. (2019). Moderating effect of gender on the associations of perceived attributes of the neighbourhood environment and social norms on transport cycling behaviours. Journal of Transport and Health. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2019.03.010

Chan, D. (2022). Vehicles outnumber people in malaysia. New Straits Times.

Currie, G., & Wallis, I. (2008). Effective ways to grow urban bus markets - a synthesis of evidence. Journal of Transport Geography. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2008.04.007

Department of Statistics Malaysia -DOSM (2020). https://www.dosm.gov.my/portal-main/landingv2

Gärling, T., R. Gillholm, and A. Gärling (1998) Reintroducing attitude theory in travel behavior research: The validity of an interactive interview procedure to predict car use. Transportation, 25 (2), 129-146. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005004311776

Gollwitzer, P. M. (1993). Goal Achievement: The Role of Intentions. European Review of Social Psychology. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14792779343000059

Gollwitzer, P. M. (1999). Implementation intentions: Strong effects of simple plans. American Psychologist. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037//0003-066X.54.7.493

Hair, J. F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. European business review, 31(1), 2-24. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-11-2018-0203

Hair, J., Hult, G., Ringle, C., & Sarstedt, M. (2017). A primer of partial least square structural equation model (PLS-SEM) (2nd ed.). CA: SAGE. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15358/9783800653614

Heckhausen, H. (1991). Volition: Implementation of Intentions. In Motivation and Action. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-75961-1

Heckhausen, H., & Gollwitzer, P. M. (1987). Thought contents and cognitive functioning in motivational versus volitional states of mind. Motivation and Emotion. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00992338

Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the academy of marketing science, 43, 115-135. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8

Kang, A. S., Jayaraman, K., Soh, K. L., & Wong, W. P. (2019). Convenience, flexible service, and commute impedance as the predictors of drivers’ intention to switch and behavioral readiness to use public transport. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2019.02.005

Kang, A. S., Jayaraman, K., Soh, K. L., & Wong, W. P. (2020). Tackling single-occupancy vehicles to reduce carbon emissions: Actionable model of drivers’ implementation intention to try public buses. Journal of Cleaner Production. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121111

Mifsud, D., Attard, M., & Ison, S. (2019). An exploratory study of the psychological determinants of mobility of older people in Malta. Research in Transportation Business & Management, 30, 100373. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rtbm.2019.100373

Minhans, A., Chatterjee, A., & Popli, S. (2020). Public perceptions: an important determinant of transport users' travel behaviour. Human Geographies--Journal of Studies & Research in Human Geography, 14(2). DOI: https://doi.org/10.5719/hgeo.2020.142.1

Mustaffa, H., Kamarudin, M. K. A., Toriman, M. E., Rosli, M. H., Sunardi, S. (2023). Impact of Suspended Sediment on Pahang River Development using Geographic Information System. Planning Malaysia, 21(1), 116 – 133. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21837/pm.v21i25.1228

Neuber, T. E. (2021). Egocentric norm adoption (No. 116). ECONtribute Discussion Paper. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1257/rct.5774-2.0

Ng, P. Y., & Phung, P. T. (2021). Public transportation in Hanoi: Applying an integrative model of behavioral intention. Case studies on transport policy, 9(2), 395-404. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cstp.2020.10.012

Redman, L., Friman, M., Gärling, T., & Hartig, T. (2013). Quality attributes of public transport that attract car users: A research review. Transport Policy. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2012.11.005

Rezaimoghadam, M.R, Nooradin, Dabiri., Seyed, Rasoul, Davoodi. (2022). Public transportation users’ behavior based on theory of planned behavior. DOI: https://doi.org/10.47836/AC.15.1.Chapter02ac.id

Ringle, C.M., Wende, S., Becker, J.M. (2015), Boenningstedt: SmartPLS GmbH. http://www.smartpls.com.

Saad, M. H. M., Kamarudin, M. K. A., Toriman, M. E., Wahab, N.A, Ata, F. M., Samah, M. A. A., Manoktong, S. N. (2023). Analysis of the Flash Flood Event and Rainfall Distribution Pattern on Relau River Basin Development, Penang, Malaysia. Planning Malaysia, 21(1), 58-71. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21837/pm.v21i25.1224

Salleh, N. S. N. M., Zin, S. M., Abdullah, I. H. T., Sulaiman, W. A. T. W., & Ismail, W. N. A. T. (2023). Developing talent and performance of government employees, capacitate malaysia’s development plan. Planning Malaysia, 21(6), 144-156. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21837/pm.v21i30.1392

Silva, J., Sá, E. S., Escadas, M., & Carvalho, J. (2021). The influence of ambient scent on the passengers’ experience, emotions and behavioral intentions: An experimental study in a Public Bus service. Transport Policy, 106, 88-98. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2021.03.022

Tomtom traffic index. Traffic Index ranking | TomTom Traffic Index. (2023, October 27). https://www.tomtom.com/traffic-index/ranking/

Triandis, H. C. (1980). Values, attitudes, and interpersonal behavior. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation.

Wilson, H. F. (2011). Passing propinquities in the multicultural city: The everyday encounters of bus passengering. Environment and Planning A. https://doi.org/10.1068/a43354. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1068/a43354

Downloads

Published

2024-02-22

How to Cite

Roslan, F., Kamarudin, M. K. A., Ab Ghani, N. I., & Mohamed, N. (2024). SOCIAL NORM AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERN AS THE PREDICTORS OF CITIZENS’ ACTUAL BEHAVIOUR TO ADOPT PUBLIC TRANSPORT IN TERENGGANU, MALAYSIA. PLANNING MALAYSIA, 22(30). https://doi.org/10.21837/pm.v22i30.1425

Most read articles by the same author(s)

<< < 1 2