PLANS AND STRATEGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE UNCERTAINTY FOR TRADITIONAL SALT FARMERS ON THE NORTHERN COAST OF JAVA
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21837/pm.v24i42.2056Keywords:
Climate, Coastal, Salt Farmers, LVI, Defense Mechanisms, Java IndonesiaAbstract
People around the world have reached a consensus regarding climate change and the occurrence of climate-related extreme events. This phenomenon directly impacts the production of salt, a vital commodity for both consumption and industry. The northern coast of Java produces salt with high fluctuations due to these erratic weather changes. Most salt farming communities consist of traditional farmers, with only a few having adopted technological innovations. This study aims to: (1) identify the climate change vulnerability of salt farming households on the northern coast of Java, and (2) analyze the adaptation strategies implemented to meet their economic needs. The study employed the Livelihood Vulnerability Index – Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (LVI-IPCC) method. Community adaptation was examined through field surveys involving 180 traditional salt farmers. Primary data were obtained through participatory observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation, supplemented by secondary data from relevant agencies. The results indicated that the climate variability component was the dominant factor in the LVI, at approximately 0.698. Based on the IPCC vulnerability components (exposure, adaptive capacity, and sensitivity), the overall LVI-IPCC ultimate value was 0.152. Production obstacles and price fluctuations forced salt farmers to adapt by diversifying their livelihoods, such as working as fishermen, cultivating milkfish or shrimp, rice farming, or providing construction and transportation services. Wealthy farmers utilized social networks to engage in interregional salt trading. This livelihood diversification served as a critical strategy for farmers to survive production constraints and price volatility.
Downloads
References
Andriyano, R. P., Suadi, S., & Djasmani, S. S. (2013). Analisis Usaha Tambak Garam Di Desa Gedongmulyo Kecamatan Lasem Kabupaten Rembang. Jurnal Perikanan Universitas Gadjah Mada, 15(2), 68–77. https://journal.ugm.ac.id/jfs/article/view/9104
Antwi-Agyei, P., & Nyantakyi-Frimpong, H. (2021). Evidence of Climate Change Coping and Adaptation Practices by Smallholder Farmers in Northern Ghana. Sustainability, 13(3), 1308. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13031308
Anzum, H. Md. N., Chakraborty, T. K., & Bosu, H. (2023). Farmer’s Perception and Factors Influencing Adoption of Adaptation Measures to Cope with Climate Change: An Evidence from Coastal Bangladesh. Environment and Natural Resources Journal, 21(2), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.32526/ennrj/21/202200186
Asnawi, R. (2015). Perubahan Iklim dan Kedaulatan Pangan di Indonesia. Tinjauan Produksi dan Kemiskinan. Sosio Informa, 1(3). https://doi.org/10.33007/inf.v1i3.169
Bhuyan, M. I., Supit, I., Kumar, U., Mia, S., & Ludwig, F. (2024). The significance of farmers’ climate change and salinity perceptions for on-farm adaptation strategies in the south-central coast of Bangladesh. Journal of Agriculture and Food Research, 16, 101097. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafr.2024.101097
BMKG. (2022). Pemutakhiran Zona Musim Indonesia Periode 1991–2020. Pusat Informasi Perubahan Iklim.
Campos, M., Velázquez, A., & McCall, M. (2014). Adaptation strategies to climatic variability: A case study of small-scale farmers in rural Mexico. Land Use Policy, 38, 533–540. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2013.12.017
Dhanya, P., Ramachandran, A., & Palanivelu, K. (2022). Understanding the Local Perception, Adaptation to Climate Change and Resilience Planning Among the Farmers of Semi-Arid Tracks of South India. Agricultural Research, 11(2), 291–308. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40003-021-00560-0
Ehiakpor, D. S., Danso-Abbeam, G., & Baah, J. E. (2016). Cocoa farmer’s perception on climate variability and its effects on adaptation strategies in the Suaman district of western region, Ghana. Cogent Food & Agriculture, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2016.1210557
Ellis, F. (1998). Household strategies and rural livelihood diversification. Journal of Development Studies, 35(1), 1–38. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220389808422553
Farahdina, S. N., & Waridin, W. (2016). Analisis Pengaruh Pengalaman Bekerja, Pendidikan, dan Program Pemberdayaan Usaha Garam Rakyat (PUGAR) terhadap Pendapatan Petani Garam (Studi Kasus: Kecamatan Kaliori, Kabupaten Rembang). Fakultas Ekonomika dan Bisnis. http://eprints.undip.ac.id/51079/
Fuadi, N. A., Purwanto, M. Y. J., & Tarigan, S. D. (2016). Kajian Kebutuhan Air dan Produktivitas Air Padi Sawah dengan Sistem Pemberian Air Secara SRI dan Konvensional Menggunakan Irigasi Pipa. Jurnal Irigasi, 11(1), 23. https://doi.org/10.31028/ji.v11.i1.23-32
Hahn, M. B., Riederer, A. M., & Foster, S. O. (2009). The Livelihood Vulnerability Index: A pragmatic approach to assessing risks from climate variability and change—A case study in Mozambique. Global Environmental Change, 19(1), 74–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2008.11.002
Hasibuan, A. M., Wulandari, S., Ardana, I. K., Saefudin, & Wahyudi, A. (2023). Understanding climate adaptation practices among small-scale sugarcane farmers in Indonesia: The role of climate risk behaviors, farmers’ support systems, and crop-cattle integration. Resources, Environment and Sustainability, 13, 100129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resenv.2023.100129
Helmi, A., & Sasaoka, M. (2018). Dealing with socioeconomic and climate-related uncertainty in small-scale salt producers in rural Sampang, Indonesia. Journal of Rural Studies, 59, 88–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2018.02.005
Hidayati, I. N., & Suryanto, S. (2015). Pengaruh perubahan iklim terhadap produksi pertanian dan strategi adaptasi pada lahan rawan kekeringan. Jurnal Ekonomi & Studi Pembangunan, 16(1), 42–52. https://journal.umy.ac.id/index.php/esp/article/view/1217
Jones, P., & Thornton, P. (2003). The potential impacts of climate change on maize production in Africa and Latin America in 2055. Global Environmental Change, 13(1), 51–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0959-3780(02)00090-0
Junaid, I., Mior Shariffuddin, N. S., & Al Qassem, A. (2023). Planning Seaweed Farming Based Ecotourism: A Tourism Spectrum Approach In Bantaeng Regency, Indonesia. PLANNING MALAYSIA, 21. https://doi.org/10.21837/pm.v21i30.1387
Karmilah, M. (2020). Women’s Vulnerability in Salt Farmer in Facing Abrasion and Rob at Kedung Jepara of North Coast of Central Java. GE2J 2019: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Gender Equality and Ecological Justice, GE2J 2019, 10-11 July 2019, Salatiga, Central Java, Indonesia, 52.
Kifli, F. W., Mulyo, J. H., & Sugiyarto, S. (2015). Analisis Kerentanan Perubahan Iklim Terhadap Ketahanan Pangan dan Kesejahteraan Rumahtangga Tani di Propinsi Riau. Prosiding Diseminasi Hasil Penelitian Dan Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat Universitas Muhamadiyah Semarang, 193–206.
Kim, I., Elisha, I., Lawrence, E., & Moses, M. (2017). Farmers Adaptation Strategies to the Effect of Climate Variation on Rice Production: Insight from Benue State, Nigeria. Environment and Ecology Research, 5(4), 289–301. https://doi.org/10.13189/eer.2017.050406
Kundu, S., Morgan, E. A., & Smart, J. C. R. (2024). Farmers perspectives on options for and barriers to implementing climate resilient agriculture and implications for climate adaptation policy. Environmental Science & Policy, 151, 103618. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2023.103618
Mafongoya P, J. O. (2015). Smallholder Farmer Perceptions on Climate Change and Variability: A Predisposition for their Subsequent Adaptation Strategies. Journal of Earth Science & Climatic Change, 06(05). https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7617.1000277
Nguyen, T. D. L., & Bleys, B. (2023). Determinants of Farmers’ Climate Change Adaptation Strategies: A Case of Saltwater Intrusion and Rice Production in the Central Coastal Region of Vietnam. The International Journal of Climate Change: Impacts and Responses, 16(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.18848/1835-7156/CGP/v16i01/1-20
Nikmaturohmah, L. (2016). Analisis Pemasaran Garam Di Kecamatan Kaliori Kabupaten Rembang. Agrista, 4(4). https://jurnal.uns.ac.id/agrista/article/view/30890
Nirwansyah, A. W. (2021). Evaluating Tidal Flood Risk on Salt Farming Land Empirical and Methodological Insights from a Case Study in Northern Java. Universität zu Köln. http://kups.ub.uni-koeln.de/id/eprint/54801
Novan Ngutra, R., Kumala Putri, E. I., Hadi Dharmawan, A., & Darusman, D. (2017). Extraction of Natural Resources and Community Livelihoods Systems Change Region of the Cycloop Nature Reserve in Jayapura Papua. Sodality: Jurnal Sosiologi Pedesaan, 5(1), 36–42. https://doi.org/10.22500/sodality.v5i1.16270
Plaiphum, S., & Tansuchat, R. (2023). Cultural Capital of Sea Salt Farming in Ban Laem District of Phetchaburi Province as per the Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS). Sustainability, 15(15), 11947. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151511947
Purwanti, T. S., Syafrial, S., Huang, W.-C., & Saeri, M. (2022). What Drives Climate Change Adaptation Practices in Smallholder Farmers? Evidence from Potato Farmers in Indonesia. Atmosphere, 13(1), 113. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13010113
Rochwulaningsih, Y. (2012). Pendekatan Sosiologi Sejarah Pada Komoditas Garam Rakyat: Dari Ekspor Menjadi Impor. Paramita: Historical Studies Journal, 22(1). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.15294/paramita.v22i1.1840
Scott, J. C. (1981). Moral ekonomi petani: Pergolakan dan subsistensi di Asia Tenggara. (No Title).
Shah, K. U., Dulal, H. B., Johnson, C., & Baptiste, A. (2013). Understanding livelihood vulnerability to climate change: Applying the livelihood vulnerability index in Trinidad and Tobago. Geoforum, 47, 125–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2013.04.004
Shinbrot, X. A., Jones, K. W., Rivera-Castañeda, A., López-Báez, W., & Ojima, D. S. (2019). Smallholder Farmer Adoption of Climate-Related Adaptation Strategies: The Importance of Vulnerability Context, Livelihood Assets, and Climate Perceptions. Environmental Management, 63(5), 583–595. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-019-01152-z
Sudaryana, B., & Pramesti, P. (2018). The Strategy of Welfare Improvement for Salt Farmers in Indonesia. MATEC Web of Conferences, 150, 05062. https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201815005062
Syafi’i, A. (2006). Potret Pemberdayaan Petani Garam, Implementasi Konsep dan Strategi. Surabaya: Untag Press.
Thornton, P. K., Jones, P. G., Owiyo, T., Kruska, R. L., Herrero, M., Orindi, V., Bhadwal, S., Kristjanson, P., Notenbaert, A., & Bekele, N. (2008). Climate change and poverty in Africa: Mapping hotspots of vulnerability. African Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 2(1), 24–44. https://doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.56966
Tran, P. G., Hoa, L. T., Hien, N. T. T., & Oanh, N. T. (2022). Livelihood of salt farmers in the context of environmental changes in Can Gio district, Vietnam. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1028(1), 012002. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1028/1/012002
Yasin, I., & Ma’shum, M. (2006). Dampak Variabilitas Iklim Musiman Pada Produksi Padi Sawah Tadah Hujan di Pulau Lombok. Agromet, 20(2), 38. https://doi.org/10.29244/j.agromet.20.2.38-47
Zainab, A., & Shah, K. U. (2024). Taking Stock of Recent Progress in Livelihood Vulnerability Assessments to Climate Change in the Developing World. Climate, 12(7), 100. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli12070100
Zakki, N., & Sayyida, S. (2016). Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi pendapatan dan kesejahteraan petani garam rakyat kawasan pesisir Kalianget. PERFORMANCE: Jurnal Bisnis & Akuntansi, 6(1), 66–85. https://www.ejournalwiraraja.com/index.php/FEB/article/view/259
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 Unported License.
Copyright & Creative Commons Licence
eISSN: 0128-0945 © Year. The Authors. Published for Malaysian Institute of Planners. This is an open-access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license.
The authors hold the copyright without restrictions and also retain publishing rights without restrictions.
