PLANNING MALAYSIA

ENHANCING THE CONTRACTUAL PROVISION FOR SUSPENSION OF WORK IN MALAYSIA: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS WITH EMPHASIS ON A CASE STUDY OF GOVERNMENT CONTRACT FORM PWD203A

Anisha Shazwani Ahmad Anuar — 2024-11-28

The government possesses the authority to halt or delay work on-site, either partially or entirely, through the suspension of works as outlined in Clause 50 of the Public Work Department’s PWD203A contract form. However, the global outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic has revealed the lack of attention towards the proper implementation of work suspension. This study proposes for the improvement of contractual procedures and provisions on the suspension of works of government projects. It addresses the issues pertaining to work suspension in construction projects, examines the existing contract provision in the contract forms, and suggests enhancements of government project contracts. Through a comparative analysis and case study approach focusing on PWD203A, this study identifies the need for establishing clear suspension of work activities, and a fair time restriction mechanism as crucial enhancements to be incorporated into contractual provisions of work suspension. Subsequently, an expert validation process validates the proposed enhancement of the contractual provisions. These findings offer stakeholders valuable insights into practical solutions for more effective management of work suspension of government projects.

DIGITIZING TREE INVENTORY USING GIS FOR EFFECTIVE LANDSCAPE MONITORING IN PUNCAK ISKANDAR, PERAK, MALAYSIA

Suzanah Abdullah — 2024-11-28

Conventional inventories may struggle to comply with long-term planning and adaptability in changing landscape planning and management. Therefore, digitizing inventories through a GIS-integrated system enhances better platform foresight, offering efficiency, and accuracy with advanced technologies in assisting landscape planning and management. This information aids in making informed decisions about tree care, preservation, and landscape design, promoting sustainable management practices and enhancing the overall quality of the environment. This study's objective is to collect accurate and detailed spatial data on tree locations and attributes within a specified area for efficient analysis and visualization. This study adopted Geographic Information System (GIS) technology to record, analyse, and visualise the collected data, enabling spatial analysis, mapping, as well as informed decision-making. The aim of this study is to provide a robust and reliable tool for the community, professionals, planners, and arborists to effectively manage, monitor, and preserve trees towards sustainable land use practices, and a resilient environment.

DIGITALISATION IN BUILT HERITAGE TOWARDS PROMOTING A CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT PLAN BY NATIONAL HERITAGE ACT 2005: ASSESSING THE DIFFICULTIES IN MANAGING DATA INFORMATION DURING CONSERVATION PROCESS OF HERITAGE BUILDING IN MALAYSIA

Mohd Nurfaisal Baharuddin — 2024-11-28

Malaysia possesses a rich tangible cultural heritage, and efforts are underway to preserve and manage it through heritage data documentation and information systems. Built heritage data documentation plays a vital role in heritage conservation and management by recording and documenting information about existing buildings and heritage sites. Despite the importance of these heritage data systems for site management, conservation, and public mediation, their implementation faces challenges. To better understand these challenges, this paper presents a qualitative study conducted through focus group interviews with stakeholders and conservation experts on 14th to 15th June 2023. The primary objective is to investigate deficiencies in current heritage data documentation practices, particularly in the context of large data management and knowledge sharing among heritage conservation stakeholders. As a result, the study proposes a theme on issues related to heritage data documentation and information.

PERCEPTION OF SAFETY AND OUTDOOR PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AMONG STUDENTS IN UNIVERSITY CAMPUSES: DOES PLACE ATTACHMENT MATTERS?

Zhang Ling — 2024-11-28

Gaining insight into how people view their daily routines and engage with their surrounding environments is critical in shaping decisions regarding outdoor physical activity. This research investigates a framework for the direct and indirect effects of students’ perceptions of their university surroundings on their participation in outdoor physical activities. A total of 269 students participated in this study. Findings reveal that place attachment may mediate the relationship between safety perception and outdoor physical activity. This study suggests that universities should enhance students’ living environments by adopting safe environmental designs. Campus planning schemes should provide facilities that foster place attachment and encourage social interactions.

THE INFLUENCE OF URBAN STREET FURNITURE TOWARDS HOMELESS IN KUALA LUMPUR, MALAYSIA

Atikah Raihanah Amir — 2024-11-28

Urban street furniture stands as a silent yet influential force in shaping the city's landscape and the lives of its residents. By studying urban street furniture in the context of homelessness, urban planners can work towards creating more inclusive cities for sustainable urban development. Thus, this qualitative research utilised three methods for data collection: literature review, semi-structured interviews, and participant observation. This comprehensive approach aimed to thoroughly understand the relationship between urban street furniture and the experiences of the homeless population in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The findings of the observation in the case study, followed by the interviewed survey, revealed the multifaceted impact of urban street furniture on homeless individuals. Recognising and incorporating features such as comfortable seating, proper lighting, multi-functional planter boxes, access to clean water, and enhanced mobility through transportation hubs can all contribute to creating more supportive and inclusive urban environments for those experiencing homelessness.

SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF ROAD TRAFFIC ACCIDENT HOTSPOTS AND PATTERNS IN MUSCAT, OMAN: AN EXPLORATORY RISK MANAGEMENT ASSESSMENT

Bashayar Alhajri — 2024-11-28

Oman is grappling with a significant challenge posed by road accidents, with approximately 1,539 accidents recorded in 2021. To tackle this issue, this study showcases the potential of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) technology in mapping and analysing road accident hotspots and distribution patterns in Muscat, Oman. The data (from 2019 to 2021) was gathered from the Omani Royal Police Department, with ArcGIS Pro serving as the geographical representation and analysis platform. The study identified high-risk locations for road accidents in specific areas of Mutrah, Bawshar, and Al-Amerat, which were attributed to densely populated areas and heavy traffic flow. The spatial pattern of accidents appeared dispersed, with Fridays and Mondays recording the highest number of accidents due to increased traffic associated with social gatherings and commuting to work or school after the weekend. Qualitative effect analysis revealed that factors such as roadway characteristics, environmental conditions, traffic volume, driver behaviour, and vulnerable road users may influence local accident hotspots. These GIS-based road accident analyses can enhance road accident guidelines and traffic prevention strategies in the Muscat region.

THE NEXUS OF LANDSCAPE: INTERRELATION BETWEEN LANDSCAPE VALUE WITH ASSOCIATED REGULATIONS IN MALAYSIA

Mohd Zulhaili Teh — 2024-11-28

The landscape spectrum of Malaysia portrays rich, multiple natural and developed landscapes. Surprisingly, there are not any regulations that directly govern the landscape. It depends entirely on existing regulations that are not mentioned in detail regarding the 'landscape' specifically. As an alternative mechanism, it has several regulations used by landscape practitioners that help to manage and govern landscape planning and development. It regrets that these regulations have not been properly enforced due to some issues, which potentially can cause inefficiencies in development. Landscape value is an effective way to deeply understand the significance of landscape holistically. This study aims to examine related acts concerning landscape value in Malaysia using an archival review, identify the interrelationship of the landscape with associated regulations and analyze the relationship between these acts and the understanding of landscape in Malaysia. The findings of this research will be used to discover potentialities and constraints of the associated landscape regulations regarding their relationship with landscape value and landscape governance in Malaysia.

ANALYSING NEIGHBOURHOOD SAFETY FOR CHILDREN IN SHAH ALAM, MALAYSIA USING FUZZY-AHP AND GIS

Elina Alias — 2024-11-28

Children could be vulnerable to being victims of kidnapping cases due to their cognitive level in perceiving safety. Until September 2023, 4,471 missing persons were reported all around Malaysia. As there is a growing concern regarding children’s safety, this study was conducted throughout the Shah Alam region as it is one of the biggest cities in Selangor, which has several factors contributing to kidnapping cases towards children. However, does every section in Shah Alam have a high level of safety and is suitable for children? Geographic Information System (GIS) and Fuzzy-Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) are used as the main processes in decision-making when identifying the Neighbourhood Safety for Children in Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia. Based on previous studies, five (5) main criteria were selected, i.e., Perceived Safety, Transportation Accessibility, Land-Use, Public Facilities and Population Density. They were represented on the ground using the sub-criteria. Spatial data was collected, and 15 criterion maps were established, undergoing editing, rasterisation and reclassification. A pairwise comparison matrix was created to determine the weightage of these criteria, and Weighted Overlay Analysis was used to identify the safety level for each section. The results showed moderate neighbourhood safety (index level 5 or 6) for children in Shah Alam, with southern and western areas having worse safety levels (index value 4) compared to the middle and eastern parts. The safety index exhibits a random pattern (Moran I: -0.3333), indicating that it is spatially independent and unaffected by nearby sections. This index could help local authorities improve safety measures in the area.

SITE SUITABILITY ASSESSMENT FOR SELECTED NATURE-BASED SOLUTION (NBS) IN FLOOD-PRONE AREA

Balqis Ibrahim — 2024-11-28

In recent decades, Malaysia has experienced an increase in both the frequency and severity of flood events, making the country particularly susceptible to flooding. Therefore, is a growing recognition of the importance of nature-based solution (NbS) as a viable approach to enhance flood resilience. This study utilized Geographic Information System (GIS) technologies to address this challenge by identifying optimal locations for implementing selected NbS in Kota Tinggi district, Johor. The research involved selecting suitable NbS measures using Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA). A two-phased approach was employed. Firstly, RECONECT’s Measure Selector tool, a web-based tool was used to generate a preliminary list of NbS aligned with local conditions in Kota Tinggi. Following the initial screening, MCDA, a decision-making approach that considers multiple criteria was then used to evaluate the shortlisted NbS options. A site suitability analysis was then performed based on slope, distance to rivers, land use and distance to roads. Two NbS options, floodplain restoration and retention ponds, were chosen for further analysis with a more specific requirement. The results identified a total area of 126,798 hectares suitable for NbS implementation based on the general criteria. Floodplain restoration emerged as the more suitable option, with 107,929 hectares (89.67%) meeting the criteria compared to 12,419 hectar (10.33%) for retention ponds. Understanding the potential of NbS for flood mitigation in Kota Tinggi can assist with the selection and implementation of NbS in flood-prone areas to enhance flood resilience and create a more sustainable future.

ASSESSING ENVIRONMENTAL NOISE POLLUTION AROUND PUBLIC HOSPITALS IN SELANGOR, MALAYSIA: IMPLICATIONS FOR URBAN PLANNING

Yusma Hanim Mohd Nasir — 2024-11-28

Environmental noise is a major concern, particularly in the vicinity of hospitals, which are designated as sensitive areas. There are many complaints about the outside noise, which makes their time in the hospital uncomfortable. Numerous factors, such as expanding urbanisation, industrial activity, traffic, and building, contribute to environmental noise pollution. To avoid having a significant negative effect on users, it is crucial to investigate the sources and measure the level of environmental noise. To date, no data has been recorded on environmental noise around public hospitals in Malaysia. The aim of this study is to assess the current environmental noise pollution surrounding selected hospitals and explore potential improvements that contribute to future urban planning. This study integrates a field measurement at three public hospitals in the Klang Valley (Hospital Shah Alam, Hospital Tengku Ampuan Rahimah and Hospital Sungai Buloh), employing quantitative data collection via a sound level meter with a data logger to identify the various environmental noise sources surrounding public hospitals in the Klang Valley. The findings indicate that in one case study, the average readings failed to meet the DOE standard, categorising it as environmental noise pollution. Considering the results obtained, all three case studies’ environments require significant improvements that can be addressed through strategic urban planning, such as enforcing zoning regulations that restrict noise-emitting activities in the surrounding areas.

A STUDY OF COMPLAINT TRENDS AND STRATEGIC IMPROVEMENTS: A FOUR-YEAR ANALYSIS OF SIX MALAYSIAN MUNICIPALITIES

Nor Aini Salleh — 2024-11-28

The primary aim of the study is to analyse the pattern of complaints received by the COB related to strata living across six municipalities categorised under category 2 over a four-year period. Additionally, the study examines the municipality with the highest number of complaints over four years, aiming to propose effective strategies, such as enhancing a clear understanding of SMA Act 2013 communication channels and enhanced dispute resolution mechanisms, to reduce complaint rates. By utilising a desk study analysis approach, the research emphasises the importance of clear legal provisions, policies, and guidelines, recognising the human factor's influence. The analysis spans 2016 to 2019, focusing on six municipalities under category 2. The study employs descriptive analysis and graphical representation to illustrate complaint trends over the specified years. This research provides insights into the patterns of complaints across municipalities and categories, offering valuable information for targeted improvements and strategic planning.

ASSESSING JOB-HOUSING BALANCE AMONG LOW-INCOME HOUSEHOLDS IN PENANG ISLAND, MALAYSIA

Hafizah Rosli — 2024-11-28

The balance between the geographical proximity of job and housing locations will have a significant impact on commuting patterns to the workplace. The key determinants for attaining job-housing equilibrium are the geographic placement, proximity, and travel time between an individual's domicile and place of employment. The absence of a balance between employment availability and housing can significantly harm the quality of life and overall welfare of those in low-income categories. The objective of this study is to assess the balance between work and residential areas for economically disadvantaged households in two distinct districts on Penang Island, Malaysia. A quantitative methodology employed to choose 306 respondents from low-income groups in the northeast and southwest areas to complete the questionnaire. The binary logistic regression analysis indicated that, despite the diverse economic sectors and distinct land uses and built environments, the job-housing balance in both the northeast and southwest areas is comparable. The study revealed that the transport system is the crucial factor in addressing the disparity between job opportunities and affordable housing for low-income individuals. In order to enhance their job accessibility, they require transportation that is both cost-effective, highly efficient, and sufficiently suitable. Hence, policymakers ought to intensify their strategies to ensure the provision of adequate, cost-effective, and proficient transport infrastructures to cater to the needs of this specific demographic across various geographical settings.

BUILDING INFORMATION MODELLING AND MONTE CARLO SIMULATION APPLICATION: ENHANCEMENT MITIGATING RISK OF CONTRACTOR’S SELECTION IN THE CONSTRUCTION PROJECT

Faridah Muhamad Halil — 2024-11-28

Low-bid selection can significantly impact construction delivery, leading to delays, substandard quality, and cost overruns if pricing risks are not considered. This research, however, provides a solution that empowers Quantity Surveyors (QS) to act. They can implement BIM to ensure the accuracy of the prepared pre-tender estimate. Furthermore, the application of Monte Carlo (MC) simulation, using probability distribution, can provide a range of tender prices that can be accepted by the client, thereby mitigating the risk of pricing error by the contractor. As demonstrated in this research, the combination of BIM and MC simulation offers a powerful tool for the construction industry. A case study method through document analysis has been chosen to investigate the patterns of tender prices the bidders offer for a bridge construction project. Then, using a pre-tender estimate as a starting point, MC simulates thousands of probable tender prices in a random sequence based on normal distribution. The outcomes indicate that the clients could avoid the high risk of choosing a contractor based on the lowest tender price in a construction project by using Monte Carlo. Therefore, the research shows that applications of Building Information Modelling and Monte Carlo simulation are not just beneficial but crucial for judgment for clients in the construction industry, and it is up to the stakeholders to implement these findings.

DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION IN OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY EDUCATION: FORMULATING COMPONENTS OF VIRTUAL REALITY IN TVET HOSPITALITY PROGRAMS BY USING TPACK THEORY

Norsuhana Haminuddin — 2024-11-28

Technical and Vocational and Educational Training (TVET) hospitality programs are related to practical training in culinary programs. Graduates are expected to implement safer and healthier practices in commercial kitchens, making them pioneers in adopting correct work attitudes during their education. This study recommends a tool for safer and healthier workplaces using Virtual Reality (VR) as a transformative tool in Malaysia's TVET hospitality programs, aligning with IR 5.0 principles to enhance human capital for the foodservice industry. Malaysia's TVET sector faces challenges in integrating industries and fostering workplace culture. The two-fold objectives of this study are: 1) to formulate a VR-based kitchen safety framework for kitchen safety in TVET's hospitality programs and 2) to validate a VR-based kitchen safety framework for kitchen safety in TVET's hospitality programs. This study employs a Design and Development Research (DRR) approach, using qualitative methods with industry experts—kitchen educators/trainers, Safety and Health officers (SHO), Instructional Designers (ID), and IT experts in VR—to develop and validate a VR-based kitchen safety framework. The results of Fuzzy Delphi from industry experts yielded six components: virtual automation with technological knowledge, content knowledge, content determination, coaching content and virtual assessment, and pedagogical expertise. Twenty industry and academic professionals consensually agreed that the ranks position of six constructs and validated the framework. The study emphasizes the importance of VR development by suggesting ideas for identifying and incorporating the necessary parts for VR development into the framework.

DECISION-MAKING FOR TREE REMOVAL IN URBAN DEVELOPMENT: INSIGHTS FROM LOCAL AUTHORITIES IN MALAYSIA

Khalilah Hassan — 2024-11-28

The decision to remove trees in development areas can avoid various risks caused by problem trees, but also involves the risk of losing valuable trees. This paper aims to investigate decision-making practices in relation to existing trees in development areas and identify the factors that influence those decisions. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with landscape architects from selected local authorities and analysed using thematic analysis. Only local authorities requiring a tree preservation survey for landscape plan applications and landscape architects participated in this study. The results show that all factors influencing tree removal decisions are interrelated and vary according to the circumstances. Lack of authoritative resources and spatial constraints have affected the rationality of tree retention decisions and led to tree removal. This study contributes to urban tree retention theory and may improve tree preservation and management strategies. Future research should explore the perspectives of other construction professionals to refine each of the results and conclusions.

EVALUATING THE IMPACT OF DESIGN FAILURE ON THE PERAK TENGAH DISTRICT MOSQUE, PERAK, MALAYSIA

Mohd Khazli Aswad Khalid — 2024-11-28

This study investigates how building structural defects affect maintenance management in mosques in the Perak Tengah District. As well as offering suggestions for improving maintenance effectiveness, it draws attention to the fundamental design defects that cause issues with maintenance. A literature study, semi-structured interviews, observation, and a survey were used to collect the data. According to the goal of this study, inadequate site supervision, an inadequate cover of reinforcing concrete, poor structural design, noncompliance with specifications, improperly placed or applied paint, and a failure to specify suitable materials are the main design flaws that lead to maintenance issues. These defects result in increased maintenance expenses, job loads, the labour force, and the frequency of maintenance. Based on the study, all departments should collaborate and employ weather-resistant materials to improve job standards and building upkeep.

AN EXAMINATION OF THE RISKS OF HAZARDOUS TREES IN THE CONTEXT OF VANDALISM PREVENTION IN URBAN AREAS

Helmi Hamzah — 2024-11-28

It is essential to protect trees in urban areas, particularly those with defects and pose a hazard, to maintaining the longevity of the green infrastructure and the safety of the neighbourhoods. Defective trees (DTs) and hazardous trees (HTs) are often vandalised. Therefore, it is essential to understand the correlation between the vandalism index (VI) and hazard score (HS) of trees to implement strategies that effectively decrease risks and sustain the long-term health of urban green spaces. This present study aims to quantify the correlation between the HS and VI of trees, identify the unique effects of each element on the urban environment, and develop well-informed mitigation strategies. It also assesses the HSs of trees and quantifies their VIs to provide a comprehensive understanding of the risks associated with both factors in urban landscapes. The results of this present study indicate a positive correlation between the VI and HS of trees and identified tree size as an important element impacting their VI. Time constraints and accessibility, particularly when surveying broad areas, are some of the limitations of this present study as it used conventional methods of tree assessments. Nevertheless, tree managers can utilise its findings to make better management decisions as well as increase user comfort and security in urban settings. Furthermore, implementing these findings will enhance and beautify public areas as well as increase public safety.

THE UTILIZATION OF TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE ON THE IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE TOWARDS ISLAND COMMUNITIES' SOCIAL WELL-BEING: THE MEDIATING EFFECT OF ADAPTIVE CAPACITY

Nurul Syamimi Samsuddin — 2024-11-28

Climate change is undeniably one of the greatest issues in Malaysia. Numerous studies have observed unpredictable patterns and extreme weather events. Since traditional knowledge of climate change affects the success of implementation and mitigation options, it is essential to gather information and adaption. This study investigated the potential of traditional knowledge of island communities in Pulau Redang and Perhentian, Terengganu, Malaysia. Survey questionnaires were used for data collection, and SmartPLS-3 was used for analysis. The findings revealed that traditional knowledge (cultural beliefs, cultural practices, and personality traits) significantly supported the impact of climate change on social well-being. In addition, adaptive capacity mediated the relationship between traditional knowledge (cultural beliefs, cultural practices, and personality traits) and climate change on social well-being in the Pulau Redang and Perhentian island communities. Communities preserve traditional knowledge through cultural practices, beliefs and personality traits passed orally to the next generation.

CATASTROPHIC FLOODING IN PAHANG, MALAYSIA: WHAT WENT WRONG WITH THE FLOOD RESPONSE?

Nurul Ashikin Mabahwi — 2024-11-28

This study aims to critically analyse the flood response in Pahang, Malaysia, focusing on identifying the issues and challenges from the perspectives of responsible agencies. Using qualitative research methods, including face-to-face interviews with 30 officers from various emergency response agencies, the study adopted thematic analysis to identify key issues. Findings indicated significant challenges, such as acute manpower shortages, severe deficiencies in logistical assets, substantial communication barriers, and coordination problems between agencies. The study underscored the need for improved resource allocation, enhanced communication technologies, better logistical planning, and stronger inter-agency cooperation to enhance flood response efficiency and effectiveness. Recommendations include adopting more robust communication technologies, comprehensive logistical asset management, proactive federal support, and a thorough overhaul of current emergency response protocols. This research highlights the urgent need for a more resilient and efficient disaster management framework to mitigate the impact of future floods.

INTEGRATED LAKE BASIN MANAGEMENT (ILBM) OF HYDROLOGICAL ASSESSMENT CHARACTERISTICS IN KENYIR LAKE BASIN, TERENGGANU, MALAYSIA

Noorjima Abd Wahab — 2024-11-28

Lake water is a vital resource in supporting life, which is important for the ecosystem of both flora and fauna. Monitoring lake-related programmes based on methodical decision-making and management tools are necessary for the sustainable use of lake water resources. This research's objectives include analysing the characteristics of hydrological quality to identify the current condition of the physical environment of the Kenyir Lake Basin, and providing integrated management methods for its water resources. 21 monitoring stations were chosen for sampling in three seasons (normal season, wet season and dry season) throughout the Kenyir Lake Basin. This study evaluates both in situ and ex situ methods for water quality, followed by a lab test according to American Public Health Association (APHA) standards. Water velocity is a major factor in erosion and the production of sediment, and it is determined by the quantity and intensity of rainfall. It is discovered that there is a significant deterioration in the quality of the water, elevating the rate of erosion with the remarkable water velocity and volume. Aside from that, the rapid urbanisation and population growth in Malaysia is contributing to an increasing level of pollution in the nation's lakes. The ILBM-based adaptive management solutions are adaptable and capable of adjusting to shifting environmental circumstances, which help in revising management plans based on data-monitoring as well as stakeholder feedback.

REGRESSION ANALYSIS ON THE RELATIONSHIP OF LOCAL COMMUNITY ATTITUDE AND INTENTION TOWARDS MANGROVE CONSERVATION

Nurul Asyqin Ramli — 2024-11-28

Mangrove forests are among the most productive environments. It also provides another valuable service as part of the Blue Carbon Initiative. It focuses on carbon in coastal ecosystems as a possible solution to global climate change. Nonetheless, mangrove degradation remains a significant environmental issue. Estimated 147,771 km of mangroves in 2020, around half the total loss of mangrove area between 2000 and 2020 (6,769 km). The local community is integral to conservation efforts, as evidenced by all legislation and regulations to reduce mangrove damage. The attitude and desire toward mangrove protection are critical for long-term management and preservation. This study examines the relationship between local community attitudes and mangrove conservation intentions. Questionnaires were distributed to the 217 respondents living near mangrove forests in Kuala Selangor. Descriptive, Pearson correlations and regression analyses were used to show how attitude affects local community intention to conserve mangroves. This study found that local community attitudes positively and significantly affected the intentions to conserve mangroves (r=0.764, p<0.01). A positive attitude will result in a positive intention for conservation. Significantly, this study can serve as a guideline for fostering a good attitude and awareness of mangrove conservation within the local community. Minimal contact with the local community resulted in limited participation in mangrove conservation initiatives. In summary, strong local support for sustainable mangrove forest management can be fostered when a positive relationship exists between attitudes and intentions toward mangrove conservation.

ESTIMATION OF CARBON STORAGE AND SEQUESTRATION OF IPOH URBAN TREES FOR VOLUNTARY CARBON MARKET

Atikah Fukaihah Amir — 2024-11-28

Ipoh has strategies to sequester carbon by establishing a tree-planting program and increasing carbon storage in urban trees. The tree-planting program provides many environmental and social benefits. Hence, this research aims to quantify the mitigation of CO2 in the atmosphere by trees in the selected area which is Taman DR Seenivasagam for a pilot case study. The research objectives are to measure the carbon storage and sequestration of urban trees and to value the carbon credit for nature conservation. For the tree plant identification, carbon storage and sequestration were analysed using physical observation and a systematic literature review. A total of 220 trees were analysed and the total net carbon sequestration is estimated at 10,468.22 kg C/year, and the price for voluntary carbon credit in nature-based offset is estimated at USD 9.74 per year. This finding is an eye-opener to the community and policymakers: it signifies that every tree has a market value.

BEYOND COMFORT: UNMASKING THE SYNERGY BETWEEN HUMAN NEEDS AND ENVIRONMENTAL BEHAVIOUR

Aisyah Abu Bakar — 2024-11-28

This research empirically investigated the relationship between environmental behaviour [EB] and meeting human needs based on Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs [HON] within the realm of Subjective Well-Being [SWB] and Human Interdependence [HI]. Research Questions: Does EB increase when human needs are conveniently satisfied? Can EB increase even if human needs are unmet, and if so, which human needs have little effect on EB? Purpose: This paper determines the variance of EB across the convenience and difficulty of meeting human needs. Approach: Mann-Whitney U test was conducted to determine the variance of EB across the convenience and difficulty of meeting 24 human needs. Findings: EB significantly increased with the convenience of meeting 13 human needs. Neither convenience nor difficulty of addressing the other 11 human needs affect EB, indicating their unlikeliness to have an impact on EB. Furthermore, EB can evolve independently of meeting human needs.

ASSESSING POTENTIALLY WALKABLE HERITAGE TRAIL IN JOHOR BAHRU, MALAYSIA USING ANALYTICAL HIERARCHICAL PROCESS AND GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM

Lutfi A Rahaman — 2024-11-28

This study aims to assess walkability on potential heritage trails in Johor Bahru City using AHP and GIS. In this study, MCDA was used to determine the weightage of the criteria used by GIS to assess the potentially walkable heritage trail in Johor Bahru City. Past studies have been used as a reference to determine the criteria for potentially walkable heritage trails. The criteria are all measurable and can be represented as spatial data on the ground to be used in GIS analysis. Then, the weightage was calculated using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), which is one of the MCDA weighing methods. The weightages were then used in Travelling Salesman Problem (TSP) Analysis to assess the potentially walkable heritage trail. Weightages are added as a cost during TSP analysis by calculating their value in a field script. The script includes the cost and each criteria name for a better understanding of the TSP process. A single heritage trail was produced that connects six different heritage locations while prioritizing criteria in this study when creating the heritage trail. The six heritage locations are the Royal Abu Bakar Museum, Johor Bahru Chinese Heritage Museum, Bangunan Sultan Ibrahim, Johor Ancient Temple, Masjid Al-Attas and Arulmigu Sri Rajakaliamman Glass Temple. The heritage trail has improved in its accessibility and travel time compared to the existing path. This indicates that travelling using potentially walkable heritage trails produced by this study will shorten travel time and be healthier as it focuses on walking rather than passive transportation.

EMPOWERMENT OF COASTAL COMMUNITIES THROUGH MARINE TOURISM: A FUNCTIONAL APPROACH

Amiruddin Hamzah — 2024-11-28

This research examined the empowerment of coastal communities through the development of marine tourism, employing a functional approach. The coastal area of Taman Roya Village in Jeneponto Regency, South Sulawesi, Indonesia, holds significant tourism potential, yet the local community has not fully capitalised on this opportunity. The study aims to identify the potential for marine tourism in Taman Roya Village and to design a comprehensive empowerment strategy grounded in functional sociology. Using a descriptive qualitative methodology, data were collected through field observations, in-depth interviews, focus group discussions with 30 marine tourism stakeholders, and a relevant literature review. Thematic analysis was employed to explore the roles and functions of various stakeholders in marine tourism development and to assess the potential for community empowerment. The findings indicate that the development of marine tourism can be an effective tool for empowering coastal communities when implemented through an appropriate functional approach. Taman Roya Village has substantial marine resources, which, when developed, can significantly improve the quality of life for its residents. Key factors include active community participation, capacity building, collaboration among stakeholders, and supportive government policies, such as infrastructure improvements and community skills training in managing marine resources. The practical implications of this study suggest that a functional approach to marine tourism development can empower local communities, enhance economic welfare, foster stakeholder collaboration, and promote sustainable coastal management.

THE LEVEL OF VISITOR SATISFACTION OF THE FACILITIES USE AND SERVICES IN CAMPING TOURISM: CASE STUDY MUROG PUROG CAMPSITE, KG. TAMBATUON, KOTA BELUD, SABAH, MALAYSIA

Alex Jo Marjun — 2024-11-28

This study focuses on camping tourism as a growing outdoor recreational activity, gaining attention locally and through extensive media coverage, particularly on social media platforms. Despite its popularity, camping tourism has not received widespread attention compared to other tourism sectors. The study aims to explore attraction factors and satisfaction levels regarding facilities and services at Murog Purog Camp Site Tambatuon Village (MPCST) in Kota Belud. The three main objectives of the study are to identify attractions motivating campers at MPCST, examine camper satisfaction with facilities and services, and propose recommendations for improvements. The research design involves an online exploratory approach with a quantitative method as the primary research tool. A total of 70 respondents who have visited MPCST in Kota Belud participated in the study, providing their responses through an online questionnaire. Attraction factors identified include the location, scenic surroundings, clear and cool river water, unique river flow structure, and offered activities. Respondents expressed very high satisfaction levels with these attraction factors. Additionally, overall satisfaction with facilities and services, such as water and electricity facilities, online reservation services, and staff services, was generally high. Several recommendations were proposed to enhance facilities and services, including building a dedicated place of worship, expanding parking areas, constructing a convenience store, increasing toilet and tent facilities, adding more electricity facilities, and installing lights around the camping area.

DETERMINANTS OF RESIDENTS’ SUPPORT FOR TOURISM DEVELOPMENT AT WORLD HERITAGE SITE, LONGMEN GROTTOES, CHINA

Bai Yutong — 2024-11-28

Heritage tourism has become increasingly popular in China, generating significant economic benefits for tourist destinations. Although the rapid growth of tourism in heritage sites boosts business opportunities, it also brings challenges, such as gentrification. The influx of new capital and investment in housing can disrupt the local community’s social and economic structure, often forcing residents to move away due to rising living costs and the inability to cope with rapid changes, as observed in the Longmen Communities. This shift in demographics tends to be profit-driven and can influence how residents perceive the benefits of tourism and their support for its development. This study examines the factors that shape residents’ perceptions of tourism benefits and their support for tourism development at heritage sites. Four main factors—community attachment, community involvement, community gains, and trust in government—were analysed to understand their influence on perceived benefits. A quantitative research method and systematic sampling were used for data collection. The study offers valuable insights into residents’ support for tourism development and the protection of heritage sites based on their perceived benefits. The findings provide guidance for government officials, tourism planners, and policymakers on shaping local opinions to foster heritage tourism.

UNDERSTANDING THE DYNAMICS OF SPORT TOURISM ON ISLANDS: CHALLENGES AND STRATEGIC PLANNING FROM EVENT ORGANIZERS’ PERSPECTIVES

Nuwal Fadhilah Ku Azmi — 2024-11-28

This study explores the challenges event organizers face in managing sporting events on island destinations and highlights the need for strategic planning to address unique logistical and operational issues. The qualitative research was conducted through semi-structured interviews with selected Malaysian sporting event organizers. The study found that the available tourism ecosystem, favorable destination image, accessibility, and sporting facilities availability are the key elements a sports tourism destination must have and are preferred by event organizers. In terms of challenges, organizing sporting events on islands involves overcoming logistical constraints, environmental impacts, high costs, and the need for cultural sensitivity, emphasizing careful planning and local engagement. The study's findings illuminate the importance of a comprehensive understanding of the tourism ecosystem, destination image, accessibility, and sporting facilities in shaping a thriving sports tourism destination in an island setting.

A QUALITATIVE STUDY ON THE FACTORS INFLUENCING SOCIAL COHESION IN MUSCAT, OMAN

Abdullah Rashid Said AlGhassani — 2024-11-28

Social cohesion, which refers to connectedness and solidarity among groups in society, is crucial to achieving an inclusive and sustainable development. However, social cohesion is influenced by various factors that can be either physical or non-physical. Given the limited studies on promoting social cohesion in Oman, this research adopts a qualitative approach to identify those urban physical factors that influence social cohesion in the governorate of Muscat. Data were collected via semi-structured interviews with 12 experts in relevant fields in Oman. By reviewing government initiatives aimed at enhancing social cohesion, this study highlights the importance of health and education infrastructure, community and open spaces, affordable housing, and walkable neighborhoods in promoting social interaction and cohesion. Through a thematic analysis, this study identified 31 codes and 8 themes, namely, 1) land use and connectivity, 2) community and open spaces, 3) activity centers, 4) affordable housing, 5) access to facilities, 6) porous boundaries, 7) health and education infrastructure, and 8) walkable neighborhoods. The findings of this study provide nuanced insights into the interplay between social cohesion and urban physical factors and offer valuable perspectives for policymakers, urban planners, and stakeholders involved in sustainable urban development in Muscat.

THE MODERATING INFLUENCE OF DOMESTIC TRAVELER PERCEIVED RISK IN FAMILY TOURISM

Nor Hayati Ahmad Harnaini@Abdullah — 2024-11-28

Risk is fundamental in the choice evaluation and behaviour of tourists. Understanding tourists' shifting preferences towards a destination is imperative in the post-COVID era. Compared to other types of tourism, literature on family tourism travel behaviour has been limited, especially for outbound family tourists shifting to domestic destinations for holidays. This study used 220 samples for data analysis with Smart PLS 4.0. The findings show that perceived destination image directly affects the intention to travel domestically. The perceived risk significantly moderates this relationship. Enhancing the destination's image by emphasising its unique qualities and mitigating unfavourable conditions by establishing a secure environment is crucial.

HERITAGE AWARENESS STRATEGY ON THE UNESCO-LISTED KEDAH HERITAGE ASSETS AMONG SCHOOL STUDENTS IN KEDAH, MALAYSIA

Wan Iskandar Zulkarnain Wan Shamsuddin — 2024-11-28

As Malaysia’s oldest state, Kedah has a long and illustrious history. Its innumerable heritage assets deserve to be protected as part of a conservation effort for the sake of the country’s history and future generations. Lack of heritage-awareness among the community may result in the utter loss of heritage evidence, impeding the identity and pride in local communities as well as economic opportunity in the tourism industry. The aim of this paper is to develop a holistic ‘awareness strategy framework’ on UNESCO-listed Kedah heritage assets (KHAs) among school students in Kedah. Two (2) objectives have been established, namely: 1) to discover the principles of the provision of heritage-awareness strategy for heritage assets with global status, and 2) to ascertain the state of heritage-awareness level among school students on KHAs. A mixed-method analysis was employed involving a literature review and a state-wide survey with 676 school students to assess their awareness on KHAs and related matters. The data revealed alarming results, denoting low awareness on KHAs among the respondents. The findings further offer several recommendations on the appropriate strategy and action plans to enhance heritage-awareness. It is deemed that the implementation must begin with the establishment of a dedicated management body empowered under the state’s statutory act, which will be responsible for heritage-awareness creation via its public education system.

TRANSFORMING COASTAL SPACES INTO EVENT DESTINATIONS: A CASE STUDY OF SUMPANG BINANGAE, BARRU REGENCY-INDONESIA

Ilham Junaid — 2024-11-28

The existing tourism literature offers a limited exploration of coastal areas as venues for organising tourism events. This study aims to (1) assess the current condition of coastal areas from a tourism and event perspective and (2) propose strategies for planning and implementing international events that support tourism development in these regions. The research draws on observations and interviews conducted with fifteen informants, including government officials from the regional tourism board and community members in the Sumpang Binangae sub-district, Barru Regency, Indonesia. Thematic analysis revealed significant opportunities for hosting international tourism events in Sumpang Binangae. However, challenges persist due to the limitations of utilising coastal areas for such events. The study identifies three types of outdoor events—maritime-based, cultural-based, and modern-based—that local stakeholders can effectively plan and organise. It proposes a framework for leveraging coastal areas as locations for international tourism events, emphasising the importance of applying the principles of inseparability, perishability, intangibility, and heterogeneity in event management. Additionally, the study highlights the potential for local residents to become event planners and organisers through targeted training and infrastructure development. This research contributes to the advancement of event planning in marine tourism destinations.

CONSERVATION AND REVITALIZATION OF TRADITIONAL CHINESE VILLAGES: A CASE STUDY OF JINXI COUNTY, CHINA

Feng Jing — 2024-11-28

China's heritage protection system encompasses material, intangible, and traditional village heritage. A combination of tangible and intangible cultural resources produces traditional villages. How to revitalize these villages has become a significant issue, as they represent the inheritance of agricultural civilization. In the northeastern part of Fuzhou City, Jiangxi Province, the proportion of traditional villages is highest in Jinxi County. Using a combination of field surveys and in-depth interviews, this article clarifies the process of conserving and revitalizing traditional villages in Jinxi County. It shows that the layout, architectural features, and integrating of multiple cultural elements embodied in the villages construct Jinxi's sense of place. These villages are also components of the ecotourism industry and are thus essential to revitalizing rural economies. From initiatives such as the "Rescuing Old Houses Action" to the implementation of "Ancient Village Financial Loans," various government and social capital investments provide financial support to protect traditional villages. Furthermore, a diverse governance model has been established, involving active participation from government entities, village committees, villagers, development companies, and social organizations. The conservation and revitalization of traditional villages in Jinxi County is a noteworthy example, demonstrating the synergies among government initiatives, community involvement, and financial investments to preserve cultural heritage.

CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR IMPLEMENTING INNOVATIVE GREEN TOURISM PRACTICES: EVIDENCE FROM INDONESIA

Islahuddin - — 2024-11-28

Indonesian urbanisation has led to increased pollution, waste, and a reduction in green spaces, resulting in environmental and public health problems. Implementing green tourism, which focuses on sustainability, conservation, and community engagement, as an integral part of future sustainable urban tourism planning can help address these issues. Given the strength of the concept, it is the aim of this research to explore the challenges and opportunities for innovative green tourism practices in major cities in Indonesia, offering practical solutions to promote sustainable urban tourism. The research methodology involved conducting semi-structured interviews with 8 informants and holding focus group discussions with 15 informants, drawn from policymakers, local communities, and tourism operators, respectively. Using thematic analysis revealed patterns and key topics that encapsulate major issues, including poor infrastructure, inconsistent policy enforcement, little public knowledge, and short-term economic pressures. Technological innovation, policy reform, and community engagement can overcome these obstacles. International case studies like Singapore and Copenhagen show how multi-stakeholder approaches and technology may improve urban sustainability. Addressing infrastructure and regulatory deficiencies, engaging communities, using technology, and encouraging public-private partnerships are needed to implement green tourism in Indonesia. Indonesia can balance environmental protection with economic and social well-being by enacting comprehensive legislation and boosting awareness, creating a sustainable and resilient tourism economy. This research gives policymakers and stakeholders concrete information to promote green tourism and sustainable urban development in Indonesia.

THE VALUE OF ARTS AND CULTURE: A CASE STUDY ON CREATIVE PLACEMAKING IN HIN BUS DEPOT, PENANG, MALAYSIA

Mohd Ismail Isa — 2024-11-28

The arts and cultural sector are essential in sustaining George Town, Penang's UNESCO World Heritage Status. Creative placemaking incorporating the power of arts and culture can add value to the city's public space design. It involves revitalising abandoned public spaces to enhance neighbourhoods and strengthen local communities. This study aims to discover community participation and awareness in arts and culture. They are taking Hin Bus Depot, a creative hub in the heart of George Town, as the case study examines the impacts of creative placemaking projects on the community. In this context, creative placemaking is the approach that integrates arts and culture into a public space to enable transformation while also building character and quality of place. To test the hypothesis that arts and culture can positively impact the community, an online questionnaire survey was distributed to the locals and visitors of Penang. Respondents were asked about demographics, engagement, and awareness of arts and culture. The results showed the community's positive relationship with arts and culture and the success of Hin Bus Depot in bringing beneficial impact. The community's engagement in arts and culture has increased, contributing to the support of George Town's local arts scene. The concept of creative placemaking should be considered to promote better urban design in the future.

EVALUATING THE URBAN ARCHITECTURAL COLOUR STATUS OF JINAN, CHINA FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF COLOUR GEOGRAPHY

YaoDong Ma — 2024-11-28

This paper provides a comprehensive evaluation of the current status of architectural colour in Jinan through the theory of colour geography. Founded by Jean-Philippe Lenclos, colour geography studies the influence of geography and social culture on architectural urban colour. This study used tools to generate the data on site, including Chinese architectural colour charts, drones, and cameras. The city of Jinan, China, was chosen because of its rich history and culture, unique geographical environment, and multi-ethnic composition, all of which have contributed to its diverse urban colour. The colour characteristics of Jinan are divided into three areas: the old city, the new city, and the industrial area. This study provides an in-depth analysis of the current status of urban colour in Jinan, which provides a scientific basis for future urban planning and design to support sustainable development and cultural heritage protection. The results revealed that warm earth tones and traditional styles dominate the old city area, while cooler modern tones dominate the new city area. The industrial area is dominated by grey and yellowish brown. The study found that Jinan's urban colour scheme lacks uniformity, especially in the new development areas where highly saturated colours are widely used. In contrast, the colour scheme in the old city is more consistent and reflects traditional aesthetics. The study highlights the need for coordinated colour schemes to preserve cultural heritage and improve the consistency of urban aesthetics. We hope this study not only enriches the theory of colour geography, but also provides an important reference for existing and future urban colour planning in Jinan.

ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT OF INDIGENOUS COMMUNITIES THROUGH THE GAZETTEMENT OF LAND OWNERSHIP

Hairulnizam Mohd Khori — 2024-11-28

Most of Malaysia's indigeneous (Orang Asli) population continues to live according to traditional customs, especially when it comes to business. The subsistence farming practices and natural resources are the main sources of income for the Orang Asli community in Malaysia. However, certain tribes have also engaged in various commercial economic endeavours, like the production of durian, rubber, cacao, and palm oil. The Orang Asli community generally views these economic activities as a new opportunity to improve their standard of living and income stream. Unfortunately, many of them are incapable of transforming their tanah saka (customary land) to more productive and organized agriculture that could potentially be commercial due to many limitations, particularly those associated with property ownership not being officially recognized in Malaysia. Accordingly, this study aims to develop economic empowerment plans that can be effectively executed through the gazetting of the Orang Asli’s tanah saka. This study uses a qualitative method by applying an ethnographic approach through fieldwork at 14 Posts of the Temiar community in Gua Musang, Kelantan. The results of this study show that there are several potential economic empowerment plans that can be implemented if the land gazetting proposal is approved. Among the economic empowerment opportunities are the development of organised settlements, economic development of subsistence agriculture, commercial economic development, entrepreneurship development, rural tourism, guidance and training. In order to safeguard the well-being of the Orang Asli in Malaysia, especially the Temiar tribe, gazetting tanah saka (customary land) is crucial to the implementation of the RMK12 plan.

CARVING SUCCESSFUL PUBLIC SPACES ALONG HISTORIC URBAN RIVERSCAPES

Nadiyanti Mat Nayan — 2024-11-28

Recreational activities along urban waterways has gained popularity since the 1970s and efforts are underway to enhance public access to waterfront locations. Consequently, this resurgence has spurred the development of diverse public open spaces along riverbanks, offering various means of engagement with the river ecosystem. In the case of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, the historical significance of the confluence of Sungai Klang and Sungai Gombak dated back to the 1850s. This paper examines on how these historic urban rivers of Kuala Lumpur portrayed as a successful public space based on four qualities highlighted by the Project for Public Spaces: Sociability, Uses and Activities, Access and Linkages, as well as Comfort and Images. To study the applicability of these qualities, a comprehensive site observation was conducted using a checklist provided by the Project for Public Spaces. The findings from this case study confirmed the relevance of these criteria and underscore the significance of an integrated approach to foster successful public spaces, particularly in accentuating the unique attributes of historic urban rivers.

FEAR OF COVID-19, LANDSCAPE SPATIAL CONFIGURATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL SATISFACTION IN URBAN PARKS

Fei Hou — 2024-11-28

The COVID-19 pandemic has changed the mobility, accessibility dynamics and user behaviours in urban parks. A prevalent concern among park users is the heightened fear associated with the potential transmission of COVID-19, leading to apprehensions about personal health and perceived infection risks. However, at present, there is limited understanding of how park users perceive this public health crisis, along with the safety and satisfaction in urban parks after the spread of the pandemic. This study investigates the mediating role of fear of COVID-19 on the relationship between landscape spatial configuration and environmental satisfaction in urban parks. The study, which was conducted in Lanzhou, China, involved 450 urban park users (231 females, 219 males) aged between 18 and 75 years. Analytical findings reveal that urban park landscape spatial configuration affects fear of COVID-19 and environmental satisfaction. Furthermore, such fear negatively predicts environmental satisfaction. Importantly, the study establishes the mediating role of fear of COVID-19 in shaping the link between urban park landscape spatial configuration and environmental satisfaction. The implications of the results are discussed in conjunction with the relevant literature, thereby providing valuable insights for urban park planners and policymakers. Based on the study findings, an adaptive design of urban parks in the event of pandemics or health crises can be conceptualised to avoid the loss of users and contribute to resilience planning in urban design and public health.

THE IMPACT OF BIOPHILIC DESIGN ON COGNITIVE ABILITIES IN UNIVERSITY LIBRARY SETTINGS AND URBAN EDUCATIONAL ENVIRONMENTS

Siti Rasidah MD Sakip — 2024-11-28

This study explores the potential of biophilic design to enhance student learning within university libraries, an often-neglected aspect of urban design. While offices and hospitals have been extensively studied for their impact on well-being and performance, post-secondary education settings have received limited attention. A mixed-methods approach was conducted in this study, including interviews, VR simulation experiments, and a questionnaire survey. The results revealed a significant reduction in participants' blood pressure and heart rate following the implementation of the biophilic design. There were also unanimous reports of improved learning experiences; statistical analysis confirmed these positive effects, highlighting the calming influence of biophilic indoor environments on students. The study emphasised the benefits of creating conducive learning spaces and fostering pro-environmental behaviours. This research underscores the importance of integrating sustainable and biophilic design principles into urban educational environments, ultimately enhancing student well-being and academic performance in a student-centric urban design theme.

BIOPHILIC DESIGN ELEMENTS PREFERENCES AMONG GOVERNMENT OFFICERS IN PUTRAJAYA, MALAYSIA

Fadhlizil Fariz Abdul Munir — 2024-11-28

The theory of human dependence on other living things and their processes is called the “biophilia hypothesis”, and has been discussed in various literature. The theory was then translated into design features, namely "biophilic design", to be assimilated with the built environment, including residential areas, the medical sector and commercial property such as office buildings. Through the implementation of biophilic design in office buildings, the building occupants can improve their physiological and psychological well-being as they spend a lot of time at work. The study examines the selected government office buildings in Putrajaya to identify the preferred biophilic design elements among government office workers that can be used to reduce their stress, and thus improve their productivity. Based on the questionnaire survey that was answered by 977 respondents from different types of work schemes, different working space environments, and different employment periods among the government office workers in Putrajaya, the findings have revealed that natural ventilation, external view to nature, and daylighting are the most preferred biophilic design elements that can help them feel less stressed in the office working spaces; these are followed by attraction and beauty, prospect and refuge.

THE IMPACT OF FUNDAMENTAL PLANTING DESIGN ON WELL-BEING

Norizan Mt Akhir — 2024-11-28

The planting design plays a pivotal role in shaping the campus landscape, blending scientific planning with artistic expression. The fundamental aspects of planting design, such as plant density, configuration, and properties, have a substantial impact on the daily lives of students. However, unattractive landscape planting on campus can diminish students' connection to nature. This study aims to investigate the interaction between planting design and students’ well-being, drawing from positive psychology principles. The objectives of the study involve identifying fundamental elements in planting scenes that impact students' perceptions and, subsequently, their well-being. Using a photo-based questionnaire, 319 students from diverse faculties rated 51 selected landscapes photographs. Data analysis revealed that arrangement emerged as the most crucial fundamental element influencing preferences of planting design. Interestingly, the naturalness of scenes uniquely correlated with engagement among respondents. These findings underscore the potential of visually appealing planting designs to boost students' happiness, satisfaction, and engagement in their educational environments. Future research should further explore how strategically planted greenery influences individuals' nature experiences and mental health, offering insights for nature-based interventions on campuses.

THE INFLUENCE OF OUTDOOR SPACE SPATIAL ECOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT FOR THE ELDERLY

Lu Jing — 2024-11-28

Outdoor activities improve the physical and mental health of the elderly. Only an excellent outdoor environment can attract the elderly, increase the frequency of their activities, and improve their quality. However, there is a lack of research on urban outdoor environmental factors that influence the outdoor activities of elderly people in China. This study aims to explore outdoor environmental elements suitable for the elderly in China, explore the impact of the environment on the activities of the elderly, and better design outdoor environments for the elderly. The study selected Beishan Park in Qingdao, China, as the research location because of its outdoor environment. It explored three aspects: the physical environment, the psychological environment, and the ecological environment. A survey questionnaire was written for data collection. The data was analysed using PLS-SEM to analyse the relationship between outdoor environmental factors. The research findings indicate that the ecological environment, which fosters both the physical and psychological environments, significantly influences the outdoor activities of the elderly population. A good ecological environment can encourage the elderly to spend more time outdoors. This paper discusses the important outdoor environmental factors that affect the outdoor activities of the elderly, provides a basis for improving the outdoor environment and outdoor activities of the elderly in Chinese cities, and also provides a reference for designers and related personnel.

EXPLORING HOW HUMAN NEEDS FULFILLMENT SHAPES THE PERCEPTION OF EXTERNAL CATALYSTS TO ECO-BEHAVIOUR

Aisyah Abu Bakar — 2024-11-28

This study explored the connection between how people perceive the external condition for environmental behaviour [EC] and meeting human needs by drawing upon Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs [HON], Subjective Well-Being [SWB], and Human Interdependence [HI]. Research Questions: (1) Will EC increase if human needs are conveniently met? (2) Can unmet human needs lead to an increase in EC, and if so, which needs do not significantly impact EC? Purpose: This research investigates the variation in EC across the convenience and difficulty of addressing human needs. Approach: Mann-Whitney U test was conducted to measure the variation of EC across convenience and difficulty in addressing 24 human requirements. Findings: The convenience of satisfying 17 human needs led to a significant increase in EC while the other 7 human needs demonstrated no significant effect. The findings suggest that EC has the ability to develop autonomously, regardless of fulfilling human needs.

QUANTIFYING THE COOLING EFFECT FOR URBAN PARK MICROCLIMATE: AN ANALYSIS OF PELTOPHORUM PTEROCARPUM SPECIES IN KLCC PARK, KUALA LUMPUR, MALAYSIA

Wan Noor Anira Wan Ali @ Yaacob — 2024-11-28

Many cities worldwide are concerned with the urban heat island (UHI) effect. Rising temperatures negatively impact urban microclimates. However, vegetation can help to mitigate this effect. A particular tree species, Peltophorum pterocarpum (Yellow Flame) is the subject of this study's preliminary inquiry into its cooling effects. This study used a particular technique and statistical analysis to examine the unique cooling ability of Peltophorum pterocarpum in the urban park setting. This study will estimate the Peltophorum pterocarpum species' overall cooling effect by considering density and surface. It has led to a correlation coefficient of [0.75], signifying the magnitude and direction of the association between Peltophorum pterocarpum density and surface temperature. The species exhibits provided substantial shade coverage and resulting in a notable reduction in temperature. The outcomes of this research are expected to provide valuable insights for urban microclimate management, particularly in the context of parks and similar environments. By quantifying the cooling effect of Peltophorum pterocarpum, this study contributed evidence-based guidelines for urban planners and landscape designers, facilitating informed decision-making regarding vegetation selection and integration. Implementing these findings can effectively alleviate the urban heat island (UHI) effect, enhancing the liveability and sustainability of urban areas.

BIOPHILIC WORKSPACES: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF VISUAL ATTRIBUTES IN GOVERNMENT INDOOR OFFICE ENVIRONMENTS IN PUTRAJAYA, MALAYSIA

Nabilah Huda Zulkifli — 2024-11-28

The paper examines the visual features of biophilic design patterns in indoor workspaces in government office buildings in Putrajaya. It aims to highlight and identify the biophilic elements in these workspaces. The perceived perception of biophilic design elements is recorded based on inventory lists using the author’s expertise—the comfort and health of building occupants, mainly indoors, need to be considered. Visual benefits from interacting with nature, directly and indirectly, are abundant, including improving mood, thus contributing to enhanced focus and concentration. Based on the observation conducted on the indoor workspaces in the government offices in Putrajaya, Malaysia, the prevalent elements identified are the usage of natural lighting and diffused light entering from windows, especially in the cellular offices, which indirectly provides an external view outside the office. The presence of natural elements, such as potted plants and flowers, pictures of nature, botanical elements at the door, building panels, and pillars, can be seen. Biophilic design in indoor working spaces must be encouraged to cater to office users’ physical and mental well-being, thus improving their performance at work.

ANALYSIS OF THE END-USER RESPONSES TOWARDS BIOPHILIC DESIGN IMPLEMENTATION IN MALAYSIAN PRIVATE HOSPITALS

Nurul Zalifah Zakaria — 2024-11-28

Hospitals are the central place to get treatment, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic that badly hit the world. Significantly, hospitals need a healing environment promoting health and well-being. One initiative is integrating biophilic design as done by international hospital building design to maximise the human-nature relationship in a hospital environment. Hence, the positive impacts of green hospitals enable biophilic design to be applied in Malaysia. Therefore, this study aims to identify the successful implementation of biophilic design for space planning in Malaysian green hospitals. A questionnaire survey method with two hundred respondents was conducted, and the questionnaire survey data were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). From the analysis of the end-user responses, ten biophilic design elements have been discovered to help improve the health and well-being of the hospital end users, including patients, staff and visitors. These research findings further demonstrate the potential of biophilic design to be implemented in Malaysian private hospital designs to enhance the healing environment supporting the medical health care system.

EXAMINING RECYCLABLE ITEMS COLLECTION: INSIGHTS FROM MATERIAL RECOVERY COLLECTION FACILITY AND COMMUNITY RECYCLING CENTRE

Abu Hanifah Mohammad Ramli — 2024-11-28

For city administrations, urban waste management is a crucial issue since it has an impact on public health and environmental sustainability. Reducing the amount of waste that is dumped in landfills and protecting the environment requires efficient recycling programs. This study aims to evaluate the collection of recyclable items from two distinct types of recycling centres, namely, Material Recovery Collection Facilities (MRCFs) and Community Recycling Centres (CRCs). Meanwhile, it also aims to evaluate the quantity of recyclable materials that are collected from two distinct types of recycling centres. This study utilised raw secondary data provided by KDEB Waste Management Sdn. Bhd. A statistical analysis was subsequently conducted to provide insights into the composition of recyclable items at each recycling facility. From the analysis, it is shown that the MRCFs have gathered 97.29% of recyclable items, leaving the CRCs with the remaining 2.71% in total. This highlights the value of a specialised and well-coordinated strategy for managing numerous types of recyclable waste, which enhances the overall sustainability and effectiveness of the recycling program. Therefore, this study recommends that data collection activities at each recycling centre continue with some improvements, as this could aid in future analysis of recycling patterns and trends.

HOSPITAL FIRE ACTION PLAN COMPONENTS AND CHECKLIST IN SELANGOR, MALAYSIA

Hasan Halbouni — 2024-11-28

Hospital fire safety is a major concern when designing them, therefore they are considered a critical facility. Hospitals contain various people with different conditions, which requires a special focus on fire safety. Many fire accidents have happened in Malaysian hospitals, which led to the investigation of why it happens and how to act when it occurs. The research aims to study the hospital's fire action plan and determine the major elements of this topic while providing a fire action plan checklist. The methodology used for this research is qualitative research using semi-structured interviews with four participants. The qualitative analysis, thematic analysis was used to present the themes of the fire action plan using NVIVO software. The findings of this study provided 6 themes for the fire action plan such as communication, firefighting systems and design, immediate actions and activation, monitoring and control planning, and roles training and awareness and 5 themes for the fire action plan checklist such as complying with hospital design and regulation standards, continuity of operation, defined roles and responsibilities, fire training, inspection and maintenance of the hospital. A clear plan must be taught to all staff so that the casualties are minimum.

URBAN PARK DESIGN FOR MENTAL HEALTH RESTORATION VIA DIFFERENT AGES IN MALAYSIA

Nor Izana Mohammed Shobri — 2024-11-28

Mental health is commonly faced by urban dwellers due to urbanisation. Nature is therapeutic, especially for urbanites, and can help with mental health issues. However, little is known about the park characteristics in the restorative setting that could restore mental health for different ages. In order to address these limitations, the purpose of this study is to examine the association between park characteristics and mental health restoration, as well as the age differences among urban park users. Hence, the objective of this study is to analyse the preference of park characteristics for mental health restoration that interact by age moderator by urban dwellers in the urban park. This study employed a mixed method study using a survey (n=382) and semi-structured interviews (n=40) within the two urban parks in Kuala Lumpur: Perdana Botanical Park and Titiwangsa Lake Park. The result showed that the prospects dimension is a significant indicator of mental health restoration. The survey data was analysed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS SEM) and thematic analysis for semi-structured interviews. Nevertheless, this study contains certain constraints when the statistics exhibited age bias due to the higher level of activity and responsiveness exhibited by young people towards this investigation. Notably, this finding can aid landscape architects and urban designers in enhancing the quality of life in urban areas and in planning park designs that cater to users' demands.